Used Universal Testing Machine for sale (70,655)

  • Sort results

  • Lowest price Highest price
  • Newest listings Oldest listings
  • Shortest distance Farthest distance
  • Newest year of manufacture Oldest year of manufacture
  • Latest update Oldest update
  • Manufacturer A to Z Manufacturer Z to A
  • Relevance
Lowest price
Price
Highest price
Price
Newest listings
Release date
Oldest listings
Release date
Shortest distance
Distance
Farthest distance
Distance
Newest year of manufacture
Year of construction
Oldest year of manufacture
Year of construction
Latest update
Update
Oldest update
Update
Manufacturer A to Z
Manufacturer
Manufacturer Z to A
Manufacturer
designation from A to Z
Description
designation from Z to A
Description
Model from A to Z
Model
Model from Z to A
Model
Lowest reference
Ref.No.
Highest reference
Ref.No.
Shortest runtime
Runtime
Longest duration
Runtime
Relevance
Relevance
Listing
Tensile Testing Machine-Universal Testing Machine Richard Hess MBV GmbH H3000-H5000TM mit Langwegextensometer
Tensile Testing Machine-Universal Testing Machine Richard Hess MBV GmbH H3000-H5000TM mit Langwegextensometer
Tensile Testing Machine-Universal Testing Machine Richard Hess MBV GmbH H3000-H5000TM mit Langwegextensometer
Tensile Testing Machine-Universal Testing Machine Richard Hess MBV GmbH H3000-H5000TM mit Langwegextensometer
Tensile Testing Machine-Universal Testing Machine Richard Hess MBV GmbH H3000-H5000TM mit Langwegextensometer
Tensile Testing Machine-Universal Testing Machine Richard Hess MBV GmbH H3000-H5000TM mit Langwegextensometer
more images
Germany Sonsbeck
18,557 km

Tensile Testing Machine-Universal Testing Machine
Richard Hess MBV GmbHH3000-H5000TM mit Langwegextensometer

Call
Listing
Universal testing machine Tensile testing machine Richard Hess MBV GmbH Universalprüfmaschine H3000TM
Universal testing machine Tensile testing machine Richard Hess MBV GmbH Universalprüfmaschine H3000TM
Universal testing machine Tensile testing machine Richard Hess MBV GmbH Universalprüfmaschine H3000TM
Universal testing machine Tensile testing machine Richard Hess MBV GmbH Universalprüfmaschine H3000TM
Universal testing machine Tensile testing machine Richard Hess MBV GmbH Universalprüfmaschine H3000TM
Universal testing machine Tensile testing machine Richard Hess MBV GmbH Universalprüfmaschine H3000TM
Universal testing machine Tensile testing machine Richard Hess MBV GmbH Universalprüfmaschine H3000TM
Universal testing machine Tensile testing machine Richard Hess MBV GmbH Universalprüfmaschine H3000TM
Universal testing machine Tensile testing machine Richard Hess MBV GmbH Universalprüfmaschine H3000TM
Universal testing machine Tensile testing machine Richard Hess MBV GmbH Universalprüfmaschine H3000TM
Universal testing machine Tensile testing machine Richard Hess MBV GmbH Universalprüfmaschine H3000TM
more images
Germany Sonsbeck
18,557 km

Universal testing machine Tensile testing machine
Richard Hess MBV GmbHUniversalprüfmaschine H3000TM

Call
Listing
Universal testing machine GALDABINI QUASAR 100 kN
Universal testing machine GALDABINI QUASAR 100 kN
Universal testing machine GALDABINI QUASAR 100 kN
Universal testing machine GALDABINI QUASAR 100 kN
Universal testing machine GALDABINI QUASAR 100 kN
Universal testing machine GALDABINI QUASAR 100 kN
more images
Germany Langenfeld (Rheinland)
18,571 km

Universal testing machine
GALDABINIQUASAR 100 kN

Call
Listing
Tensile testing machine Universal testing machine GALDABINI QUASAR 1200
Tensile testing machine Universal testing machine GALDABINI QUASAR 1200
Tensile testing machine Universal testing machine GALDABINI QUASAR 1200
Tensile testing machine Universal testing machine GALDABINI QUASAR 1200
Tensile testing machine Universal testing machine GALDABINI QUASAR 1200
more images
Germany Langenfeld (Rheinland)
18,571 km

Tensile testing machine Universal testing machine
GALDABINIQUASAR 1200

Call
Listing
Tensile testing machine-Universalp according to DIN 7500 Hegewald & Peschke H5TMNI
Tensile testing machine-Universalp according to DIN 7500 Hegewald & Peschke H5TMNI
Tensile testing machine-Universalp according to DIN 7500 Hegewald & Peschke H5TMNI
Tensile testing machine-Universalp according to DIN 7500 Hegewald & Peschke H5TMNI
Tensile testing machine-Universalp according to DIN 7500 Hegewald & Peschke H5TMNI
Tensile testing machine-Universalp according to DIN 7500 Hegewald & Peschke H5TMNI
Tensile testing machine-Universalp according to DIN 7500 Hegewald & Peschke H5TMNI
Tensile testing machine-Universalp according to DIN 7500 Hegewald & Peschke H5TMNI
Tensile testing machine-Universalp according to DIN 7500 Hegewald & Peschke H5TMNI
more images
Germany Sonsbeck
18,557 km

Tensile testing machine-Universalp according to DIN 7500
Hegewald & PeschkeH5TMNI

Call
Auction
Bed type milling machine - Universal KEKEISEN UBF 2000
Bed type milling machine - Universal KEKEISEN UBF 2000
Bed type milling machine - Universal KEKEISEN UBF 2000
Bed type milling machine - Universal KEKEISEN UBF 2000
Bed type milling machine - Universal KEKEISEN UBF 2000
Bed type milling machine - Universal KEKEISEN UBF 2000
Bed type milling machine - Universal KEKEISEN UBF 2000
Bed type milling machine - Universal KEKEISEN UBF 2000
Bed type milling machine - Universal KEKEISEN UBF 2000
Bed type milling machine - Universal KEKEISEN UBF 2000
Bed type milling machine - Universal KEKEISEN UBF 2000
Bed type milling machine - Universal KEKEISEN UBF 2000
Bed type milling machine - Universal KEKEISEN UBF 2000
Ends in 
min  Auction ended
Germany Nordrhein-Westfalen
18,526 km

Bed type milling machine - Universal
KEKEISENUBF 2000

buyer-protection
Auction
Universal milling and drilling machine HERMLE UWF 721
Universal milling and drilling machine HERMLE UWF 721
Universal milling and drilling machine HERMLE UWF 721
Universal milling and drilling machine HERMLE UWF 721
Universal milling and drilling machine HERMLE UWF 721
Universal milling and drilling machine HERMLE UWF 721
Universal milling and drilling machine HERMLE UWF 721
Universal milling and drilling machine HERMLE UWF 721
Ends in 
min  Auction ended
Germany Nordrhein-Westfalen
18,526 km

Universal milling and drilling machine
HERMLEUWF 721

buyer-protection
Auction
Gearwheel testing machine OERLIKON-KLINGELNBERG R30
Gearwheel testing machine OERLIKON-KLINGELNBERG R30
Gearwheel testing machine OERLIKON-KLINGELNBERG R30
Gearwheel testing machine OERLIKON-KLINGELNBERG R30
Gearwheel testing machine OERLIKON-KLINGELNBERG R30
Gearwheel testing machine OERLIKON-KLINGELNBERG R30
Gearwheel testing machine OERLIKON-KLINGELNBERG R30
Gearwheel testing machine OERLIKON-KLINGELNBERG R30
Gearwheel testing machine OERLIKON-KLINGELNBERG R30
Ends in 
min  Auction ended
Germany Nordrhein-Westfalen
18,567 km

Gearwheel testing machine
OERLIKON-KLINGELNBERGR30

buyer-protection
Auction
Universal machining center Stama MC014
Universal machining center Stama MC014
Universal machining center Stama MC014
Universal machining center Stama MC014
Universal machining center Stama MC014
Universal machining center Stama MC014
Ends in 
min  Auction ended
Germany Baden-Württemberg
18,581 km

Universal machining center
StamaMC014

buyer-protection
Auction
Bed type milling machine - Universal SACHMAN TRT 314 HS
Bed type milling machine - Universal SACHMAN TRT 314 HS
Bed type milling machine - Universal SACHMAN TRT 314 HS
Bed type milling machine - Universal SACHMAN TRT 314 HS
Bed type milling machine - Universal SACHMAN TRT 314 HS
Bed type milling machine - Universal SACHMAN TRT 314 HS
Bed type milling machine - Universal SACHMAN TRT 314 HS
Bed type milling machine - Universal SACHMAN TRT 314 HS
Bed type milling machine - Universal SACHMAN TRT 314 HS
Bed type milling machine - Universal SACHMAN TRT 314 HS
Ends in 
min  Auction ended
Germany Niedersachsen
18,303 km

Bed type milling machine - Universal
SACHMANTRT 314 HS

buyer-protection
Auction
Bed type milling machine - Universal SACHMAN T 314 HS / T22 HS
Bed type milling machine - Universal SACHMAN T 314 HS / T22 HS
Bed type milling machine - Universal SACHMAN T 314 HS / T22 HS
Bed type milling machine - Universal SACHMAN T 314 HS / T22 HS
Bed type milling machine - Universal SACHMAN T 314 HS / T22 HS
Bed type milling machine - Universal SACHMAN T 314 HS / T22 HS
Bed type milling machine - Universal SACHMAN T 314 HS / T22 HS
Bed type milling machine - Universal SACHMAN T 314 HS / T22 HS
Bed type milling machine - Universal SACHMAN T 314 HS / T22 HS
Bed type milling machine - Universal SACHMAN T 314 HS / T22 HS
Ends in 
min  Auction ended
Germany Niedersachsen
18,303 km

Bed type milling machine - Universal
SACHMANT 314 HS / T22 HS

buyer-protection
Listing
Bevel Gear Testing Machine KLINGELNBERG T60A
Bevel Gear Testing Machine KLINGELNBERG T60A
Bevel Gear Testing Machine KLINGELNBERG T60A
Bevel Gear Testing Machine KLINGELNBERG T60A
Bevel Gear Testing Machine KLINGELNBERG T60A
Bevel Gear Testing Machine KLINGELNBERG T60A
Bevel Gear Testing Machine KLINGELNBERG T60A
Bevel Gear Testing Machine KLINGELNBERG T60A
more images
Canada Canada
12,411 km

Bevel Gear Testing Machine
KLINGELNBERGT60A

Certified Dealer
Call
Listing
Universal milling machine with active digital display, universal milling machine, drilling and milli DECKEL FP 1 - AktivDigital
Universal milling machine with active digital display, universal milling machine, drilling and milli DECKEL FP 1 - AktivDigital
Universal milling machine with active digital display, universal milling machine, drilling and milli DECKEL FP 1 - AktivDigital
Universal milling machine with active digital display, universal milling machine, drilling and milli DECKEL FP 1 - AktivDigital
Universal milling machine with active digital display, universal milling machine, drilling and milli DECKEL FP 1 - AktivDigital
Universal milling machine with active digital display, universal milling machine, drilling and milli DECKEL FP 1 - AktivDigital
Universal milling machine with active digital display, universal milling machine, drilling and milli DECKEL FP 1 - AktivDigital
Universal milling machine with active digital display, universal milling machine, drilling and milli DECKEL FP 1 - AktivDigital
Universal milling machine with active digital display, universal milling machine, drilling and milli DECKEL FP 1 - AktivDigital
Universal milling machine with active digital display, universal milling machine, drilling and milli DECKEL FP 1 - AktivDigital
more images
Germany Hessisch Lichtenau
18,422 km

Universal milling machine with active digital display, universal milling machine, drilling and milli
DECKELFP 1 - AktivDigital

Certified Dealer
Call
Listing
Machining Center - Universal DMG MORI DMU 40 EVO
Machining Center - Universal DMG MORI DMU 40 EVO
Machining Center - Universal DMG MORI DMU 40 EVO
Machining Center - Universal DMG MORI DMU 40 EVO
Machining Center - Universal DMG MORI DMU 40 EVO
Machining Center - Universal DMG MORI DMU 40 EVO
Machining Center - Universal DMG MORI DMU 40 EVO
Machining Center - Universal DMG MORI DMU 40 EVO
Machining Center - Universal DMG MORI DMU 40 EVO
Machining Center - Universal DMG MORI DMU 40 EVO
more images
Germany Langenfeld (Rheinland)
18,570 km

Machining Center - Universal
DMG MORIDMU 40 EVO

Certified Dealer
Call
Listing
Gear Testing Machine KLINGELNBERG PNC 30
Gear Testing Machine KLINGELNBERG PNC 30
Gear Testing Machine KLINGELNBERG PNC 30
Gear Testing Machine KLINGELNBERG PNC 30
Gear Testing Machine KLINGELNBERG PNC 30
Gear Testing Machine KLINGELNBERG PNC 30
Gear Testing Machine KLINGELNBERG PNC 30
more images
Germany Langenfeld (Rheinland)
18,570 km

Gear Testing Machine
KLINGELNBERGPNC 30

Certified Dealer
Call
Listing
Tool Room Milling Machine - Universal AVIA FNE 40P
Tool Room Milling Machine - Universal AVIA FNE 40P
Tool Room Milling Machine - Universal AVIA FNE 40P
Tool Room Milling Machine - Universal AVIA FNE 40P
Tool Room Milling Machine - Universal AVIA FNE 40P
Tool Room Milling Machine - Universal AVIA FNE 40P
Tool Room Milling Machine - Universal AVIA FNE 40P
Tool Room Milling Machine - Universal AVIA FNE 40P
Tool Room Milling Machine - Universal AVIA FNE 40P
Tool Room Milling Machine - Universal AVIA FNE 40P
more images
Germany Dreieich
18,560 km

Tool Room Milling Machine - Universal
AVIAFNE 40P

Certified Dealer
Call
Listing
Multitasking universal machining center CHIRON FZ 08 MT Magnum
Multitasking universal machining center CHIRON FZ 08 MT Magnum
Multitasking universal machining center CHIRON FZ 08 MT Magnum
Multitasking universal machining center CHIRON FZ 08 MT Magnum
Multitasking universal machining center CHIRON FZ 08 MT Magnum
Multitasking universal machining center CHIRON FZ 08 MT Magnum
Multitasking universal machining center CHIRON FZ 08 MT Magnum
Multitasking universal machining center CHIRON FZ 08 MT Magnum
Multitasking universal machining center CHIRON FZ 08 MT Magnum
Multitasking universal machining center CHIRON FZ 08 MT Magnum
Multitasking universal machining center CHIRON FZ 08 MT Magnum
Multitasking universal machining center CHIRON FZ 08 MT Magnum
Multitasking universal machining center CHIRON FZ 08 MT Magnum
Multitasking universal machining center CHIRON FZ 08 MT Magnum
Multitasking universal machining center CHIRON FZ 08 MT Magnum
Multitasking universal machining center CHIRON FZ 08 MT Magnum
Multitasking universal machining center CHIRON FZ 08 MT Magnum
Multitasking universal machining center CHIRON FZ 08 MT Magnum
Multitasking universal machining center CHIRON FZ 08 MT Magnum
Multitasking universal machining center CHIRON FZ 08 MT Magnum
Multitasking universal machining center CHIRON FZ 08 MT Magnum
more images
Switzerland Root
18,756 km

Multitasking universal machining center
CHIRONFZ 08 MT Magnum

Certified Dealer
Call
Listing
CNC 5 axis universal machining center DECKEL MAHO DMU 60 evo
CNC 5 axis universal machining center DECKEL MAHO DMU 60 evo
CNC 5 axis universal machining center DECKEL MAHO DMU 60 evo
CNC 5 axis universal machining center DECKEL MAHO DMU 60 evo
CNC 5 axis universal machining center DECKEL MAHO DMU 60 evo
CNC 5 axis universal machining center DECKEL MAHO DMU 60 evo
CNC 5 axis universal machining center DECKEL MAHO DMU 60 evo
CNC 5 axis universal machining center DECKEL MAHO DMU 60 evo
CNC 5 axis universal machining center DECKEL MAHO DMU 60 evo
CNC 5 axis universal machining center DECKEL MAHO DMU 60 evo
CNC 5 axis universal machining center DECKEL MAHO DMU 60 evo
CNC 5 axis universal machining center DECKEL MAHO DMU 60 evo
CNC 5 axis universal machining center DECKEL MAHO DMU 60 evo
CNC 5 axis universal machining center DECKEL MAHO DMU 60 evo
CNC 5 axis universal machining center DECKEL MAHO DMU 60 evo
CNC 5 axis universal machining center DECKEL MAHO DMU 60 evo
CNC 5 axis universal machining center DECKEL MAHO DMU 60 evo
more images
Switzerland Root
18,756 km

CNC 5 axis universal machining center
DECKEL MAHODMU 60 evo

Certified Dealer
Call
Listing
Universal machining center MANDELLI Spark 1600 AT,A70/1400
Universal machining center MANDELLI Spark 1600 AT,A70/1400
Universal machining center MANDELLI Spark 1600 AT,A70/1400
Universal machining center MANDELLI Spark 1600 AT,A70/1400
Universal machining center MANDELLI Spark 1600 AT,A70/1400
Universal machining center MANDELLI Spark 1600 AT,A70/1400
Universal machining center MANDELLI Spark 1600 AT,A70/1400
Universal machining center MANDELLI Spark 1600 AT,A70/1400
Universal machining center MANDELLI Spark 1600 AT,A70/1400
Universal machining center MANDELLI Spark 1600 AT,A70/1400
Universal machining center MANDELLI Spark 1600 AT,A70/1400
Universal machining center MANDELLI Spark 1600 AT,A70/1400
Universal machining center MANDELLI Spark 1600 AT,A70/1400
Universal machining center MANDELLI Spark 1600 AT,A70/1400
Universal machining center MANDELLI Spark 1600 AT,A70/1400
Universal machining center MANDELLI Spark 1600 AT,A70/1400
Universal machining center MANDELLI Spark 1600 AT,A70/1400
Universal machining center MANDELLI Spark 1600 AT,A70/1400
Universal machining center MANDELLI Spark 1600 AT,A70/1400
Universal machining center MANDELLI Spark 1600 AT,A70/1400
Universal machining center MANDELLI Spark 1600 AT,A70/1400
Universal machining center MANDELLI Spark 1600 AT,A70/1400
Universal machining center MANDELLI Spark 1600 AT,A70/1400
Universal machining center MANDELLI Spark 1600 AT,A70/1400
Universal machining center MANDELLI Spark 1600 AT,A70/1400
Universal machining center MANDELLI Spark 1600 AT,A70/1400
Universal machining center MANDELLI Spark 1600 AT,A70/1400
Universal machining center MANDELLI Spark 1600 AT,A70/1400
Universal machining center MANDELLI Spark 1600 AT,A70/1400
Universal machining center MANDELLI Spark 1600 AT,A70/1400
Universal machining center MANDELLI Spark 1600 AT,A70/1400
Universal machining center MANDELLI Spark 1600 AT,A70/1400
Universal machining center MANDELLI Spark 1600 AT,A70/1400
Universal machining center MANDELLI Spark 1600 AT,A70/1400
Universal machining center MANDELLI Spark 1600 AT,A70/1400
Universal machining center MANDELLI Spark 1600 AT,A70/1400
Universal machining center MANDELLI Spark 1600 AT,A70/1400
Universal machining center MANDELLI Spark 1600 AT,A70/1400
Universal machining center MANDELLI Spark 1600 AT,A70/1400
Universal machining center MANDELLI Spark 1600 AT,A70/1400
Universal machining center MANDELLI Spark 1600 AT,A70/1400
Universal machining center MANDELLI Spark 1600 AT,A70/1400
Universal machining center MANDELLI Spark 1600 AT,A70/1400
Universal machining center MANDELLI Spark 1600 AT,A70/1400
Universal machining center MANDELLI Spark 1600 AT,A70/1400
Universal machining center MANDELLI Spark 1600 AT,A70/1400
Universal machining center MANDELLI Spark 1600 AT,A70/1400
Universal machining center MANDELLI Spark 1600 AT,A70/1400
Universal machining center MANDELLI Spark 1600 AT,A70/1400
more images
Switzerland Root
18,756 km

Universal machining center
MANDELLISpark 1600 AT,A70/1400

Certified Dealer
Call
Listing
CNC universal machining center REIDEN BF 5L
CNC universal machining center REIDEN BF 5L
CNC universal machining center REIDEN BF 5L
CNC universal machining center REIDEN BF 5L
CNC universal machining center REIDEN BF 5L
CNC universal machining center REIDEN BF 5L
CNC universal machining center REIDEN BF 5L
CNC universal machining center REIDEN BF 5L
CNC universal machining center REIDEN BF 5L
CNC universal machining center REIDEN BF 5L
CNC universal machining center REIDEN BF 5L
CNC universal machining center REIDEN BF 5L
more images
Switzerland Root
18,756 km

CNC universal machining center
REIDENBF 5L

Certified Dealer
Call
Listing
CNC 3+2 axis universal machining center DECKEL MAHO DMU 50
CNC 3+2 axis universal machining center DECKEL MAHO DMU 50
CNC 3+2 axis universal machining center DECKEL MAHO DMU 50
CNC 3+2 axis universal machining center DECKEL MAHO DMU 50
CNC 3+2 axis universal machining center DECKEL MAHO DMU 50
CNC 3+2 axis universal machining center DECKEL MAHO DMU 50
CNC 3+2 axis universal machining center DECKEL MAHO DMU 50
CNC 3+2 axis universal machining center DECKEL MAHO DMU 50
CNC 3+2 axis universal machining center DECKEL MAHO DMU 50
CNC 3+2 axis universal machining center DECKEL MAHO DMU 50
more images
Switzerland Root
18,756 km

CNC 3+2 axis universal machining center
DECKEL MAHODMU 50

Certified Dealer
Call
Siegel

Trust Seal

Dealers certified through Machineseeker

Trust Seal
Listing
Milling machining centers - universal DMG MORI DMU 95 monoBlock
Milling machining centers - universal DMG MORI DMU 95 monoBlock
Milling machining centers - universal DMG MORI DMU 95 monoBlock
Milling machining centers - universal DMG MORI DMU 95 monoBlock
Milling machining centers - universal DMG MORI DMU 95 monoBlock
Milling machining centers - universal DMG MORI DMU 95 monoBlock
Milling machining centers - universal DMG MORI DMU 95 monoBlock
Milling machining centers - universal DMG MORI DMU 95 monoBlock
more images
Trittau
18,208 km

Milling machining centers - universal
DMG MORIDMU 95 monoBlock

Certified Dealer
Call
Listing
Bed Type Milling Machine - Universal ZAYER 30 KFU 4000
Bed Type Milling Machine - Universal ZAYER 30 KFU 4000
Bed Type Milling Machine - Universal ZAYER 30 KFU 4000
Bed Type Milling Machine - Universal ZAYER 30 KFU 4000
Bed Type Milling Machine - Universal ZAYER 30 KFU 4000
Bed Type Milling Machine - Universal ZAYER 30 KFU 4000
more images
Trittau
18,208 km

Bed Type Milling Machine - Universal
ZAYER30 KFU 4000

Certified Dealer
Call
Listing
Milling machining centers - universal SHW Uni Speed 5
Milling machining centers - universal SHW Uni Speed 5
Milling machining centers - universal SHW Uni Speed 5
Milling machining centers - universal SHW Uni Speed 5
Milling machining centers - universal SHW Uni Speed 5
Milling machining centers - universal SHW Uni Speed 5
more images
Trittau
18,208 km

Milling machining centers - universal
SHWUni Speed 5

Certified Dealer
Call
Listing
Universal Milling and Boring Machine MIKRON WF 31 D
Universal Milling and Boring Machine MIKRON WF 31 D
Universal Milling and Boring Machine MIKRON WF 31 D
Universal Milling and Boring Machine MIKRON WF 31 D
Universal Milling and Boring Machine MIKRON WF 31 D
Universal Milling and Boring Machine MIKRON WF 31 D
Universal Milling and Boring Machine MIKRON WF 31 D
Universal Milling and Boring Machine MIKRON WF 31 D
Universal Milling and Boring Machine MIKRON WF 31 D
more images
Germany Bremen
18,325 km

Universal Milling and Boring Machine
MIKRONWF 31 D

Certified Dealer
Call

This may be of interest to you

Titlepartner EHF Finals Men 2025

Maschinensucher becomes Title Partner of the EHF Finals Men 2025

Strongest Forklift Trucks

Photo gallery: the 10 strongest forklift trucks in the world

Extension Sponsor European Championship

Machineseeker agrees three-year extension as European Championship sponsor

Michael Manousakis Morlock Motors

Morlock Motors official partner of Machineseeker and Truckscout24

Tricks for buying used machines

10 valuable tricks for buying used machines online

receive any e-mails from Machineseeker

How to receive 100% of our e-mails