Used Turret Punching Machine for sale (64,098)

Condition: not inspected (used), Year of construction: 2010, functionality: unexamined, machine/vehicle number: 173, punching force: 30 t, travel distance X-axis: 2,500 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 1,525 mm, feed rate X-axis: 100 m/min, controller model: AMNC-F (FANUC 180i-PB), No minimum price – guaranteed sale to the highest bidder! Auction of an AMADA EMZ-3610 NTZ including LKI MP SheetCat 3015 manipulator! Bidding obligates timely collection between 23.03.2026 and 27.03.2026! AMADA EMZ-3610 NTZ TECHNICAL DETAILS Punching force: 300 kN Turret capacity: 45 stations Max. material size: 1,525 × 5,000 mm Max. material thickness (mild steel): 4.5 mm Max. material weight (F1): 50 kg Max. material weight (F4): 150 kg Travel range X-axis: 2,500 mm Travel range Y-axis: 1,525 mm Feed speed X-axis: max. 100 m/min Y-axis: max. 80 m/min Strokes per minute 1 mm pitch (5 mm stroke): 780 rpm 25.4 mm pitch (5 mm stroke, X-axis): 500 rpm 25.4 mm pitch (5 mm stroke, Y-axis): 330 rpm Max. stroke length: 37 mm Turret indexing speed: 30 rpm Positioning deviation: 0.07 mm MACHINE DETAILS Connected load: 27 kVA Compressed air requirements Base machine functions & air blow: 250 l/min POWER VACUUM (EMK) / AIR JET VACUUM (EMZ): 250 l/min Operating pressure: 5 bar Control unit Controller: AMNC-F (FANUC 180i-PB) Controlled axes: 4 axes (X, Y, T, C) + A-axis Programming: metric or inch Dimensions & Weight Approx. dimensions (L x W x H): 5,422 x 5,120 x 3,241 mm Height without leveling elements: 2,317 mm Height with mirror: 3,241 mm Machine weight: approx. 24.5 t LKI MP SheetCat 3015 TECHNICAL DETAILS Max. sheet size: 3,050 × 1,525 mm Min. sheet size: 1,000 × 300 mm Sheet thickness: 0.5–6.0 mm Max. sheet weight: 300 kg Max. load per pallet: 3,000 kg Max. pallet stack height: 300 mm Max. load, stacking table: 4,000 kg Cycle time (continuous production): approx. 37 s Max. movement speed loading unit: 60 m/min Max. movement speed unloading unit: 30 m/min MACHINE DETAILS PLC: Mitsubishi Q-Series Operating terminal: Beijers E1032 Dimensions & Weight Approx. dimensions: 5,775 x 3,775 x 3,100 mm Approx. weight: 4,100 kg Max. compressed air requirement: 750 l/min EQUIPMENT 2x chip trolleys, Bauer EXPO 150, year: 2023 34 vacuum suction cups 3 separation magnets/pallets Double sheet detection with thickness measurement Note: Control parameters are missing. Lhedpfx Aoycqm Ssd Nob

Condition: used, MURATEC WIEDEMANN MOTORUM 2048 CNC TURRET PUNCH MACHINE MAKE MURATA WIEDEMANN, MADE IN JAPAN MODEL MOTORUM 2048 CONTROL FANUC 30i TOUCH SCREEN YEAR 2016 CAPACITY 20 TONS SHEET SIZE (WITH ONE REPOSITIONING) 1250mm x 2500mm SHEET THICKNESS MAX. 6.35 mm Y, X STOKE Y AXIS: 1360.0 mm X AXIS: 2550.0 mm PUNCHING ACCURACY +- 0.1mm THROAT DEPTH 1340.0 mm MAX ALLOWABLE SHEET WEIGHT 150 KG HIT RATE 1.0T 25 mm PITCH 8.3 mm stroke: 355 HPM 0.5 mm PITCH 1.4 mm stroke: 900 HPM SIMULTANEOUS AXIS SPEED 125 m/MIN PUNCHING ACCURACY +- 0.1 mm TURRET INDEX SPEED 35 RPM COMPRESSED AIR QUANITY: 100NL/MIN PRSSURE: 0.5 MPa POWER SUPPLY 19 kVA PLUS Lhedpfx Asxvch Ted Njb GOOD SET OF TOOLING ONE OWNER FROM NEW VERY LESS HOURS SAFETY GUARDS

Condition: used, functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 1987, sheet thickness steel (max.): 4 mm, travel distance X-axis: 600 mm, compressed air connection: 5 bar, overall weight: 3,900 kg, I stopped producing garden furniture and that`s why I sell it. Good and reliable japanese machine. Many tools,some are brand new Amada original turrets. Manual book exist. Ledexvmq Eopfx Ad Njhb

Condition: used, Punching machine Bograma Description: Lhjdpfxjxlr Nrj Ad Njb - Standard equipped

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2007, XYZ SMX SLV 3 Axis Turret Milling Machine ProtoTRAK | SMX Control (2007) 3 Axis CNC Capacity (X Axis, Y Axis & Quill) Spindle Taper ISO 40 Lhsdpfx Adex Tiq Se Njb Spindle speeds to 70 - 3600 RPM Table Size 1473 x 305mm Table Travel: X - 1000mm Y - 410mm Knee Travel: Z - 413mm Quill Travel Z - 127mm Air Power Draw Bar Supplied with a range of spindle tooling Coolant Year of Manufacture: 2007 Weight: 1850 Kgs Power Requirements: 18A *For sale with Jet Machinery Ltd* Jet Machinery Stock No: #79109 Machine Serial Number: 12308 Cost: £14,950.00 + VAT Whilst every effort has been made to ensure that the above information is accurate it is not guaranteed. We advise prospective purchasers to check any vital details. Health and Safety At Work Act 1974: It is not reasonably practical for ourselves as suppliers to ensure that for your application the goods comply with requirements of the Act with respect to guarding etc. Prospective purchasers should ensure that a guarding specialist inspect the goods prior to use.

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2017, XYZ 2000 Turret Milling Machine (2017) (Ex College) 3 Axis Newhall DRO (X, Y & Knee) Spindle Taper R8 Spindle speeds to 500 – 4200 rev/min Table Size 1270 x 254mm Table Travel: X - 812mm Y - 406mm Knee Travel: Z - 406mm Quill Travel Z - 127mm Lhjdpfxexxb Rro Ad Njb For sale with Jet Machinery Ltd Jet Machinery Stock No: #79047 Machine Serial Number: 12907 Cost: £9,950.00 + VAT Whilst every effort has been made to ensure that the above information is accurate it is not guaranteed. We advise prospective purchasers to check any vital details. Health and Safety At Work Act 1974: It is not reasonably practical for ourselves as suppliers to ensure that for your application the goods comply with requirements of the Act with respect to guarding etc. Prospective purchasers should ensure that a guarding specialist inspect the goods prior to use.

Condition: like new (used), Year of construction: 2026, operating hours: 8 h, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: SG202640, total length: 1,500 mm, power: 4 kW (5.44 HP), overall weight: 650 kg, total width: 800 mm, total height: 1,150 mm, input voltage: 380 V, warranty duration: 12 months, Pipe Shrinking, Profile Forming Machine SG40NC Ledpfxsyak Ike Ad Njhb Machine Model: SG40NC Product Description: Microcomputer-controlled and hydraulically driven. Equipped with a mobile foot switch featuring three functions: automatic operation, emergency stop, and continuous emergency stop, ensuring high safety. Capable of multiple processing methods including tube Forming, tube expanding, tube end blunting, and bulging. Processed shapes include concave-convex joints, elongated, flat, square, flared, angled, V-shaped, open elbow, etc. Molds can be changed according to the user’s processed products. Mold replacement is simple and convenient, facilitating flexible production. The machine has a compact and sturdy structure, uses hydraulic power, operates stably with a high yield rate, minimal vibration, and low noise. It can perform tube end reduction, expansion, bulging, upsetting rib forming, and other shape forming processes. Suitable for processing various shapes at the connecting parts of pipe fittings (for insertion), automotive oil pipes, air ducts, water pipes, and air conditioning pipes. Maximum Tube Forming Capacity mm Ø40×2mm Maximum Tube Forming Length mm 100mm Motor Power kW 4 Weight kg 600

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2017, total length: 1,500 mm, total width: 900 mm, total height: 1,700 mm, Empty weight: 1.400 kg Price: On request Steel round: 40mm Steel flat: 200x20mm / 300x15mm Notching + Punching + cutting - Year: 2017 - Documentation available: Yes - CE marking present: Yes - CE certificate present: No - Serial number: 155976 - Control: Conventional - Motor power: 4.0kW - Model: Hydraulic - Power: 60.0ton - Transport dimensions: 1500mm x 900mm x 1700mm (l x w x h) - Transport weight [kg]: 1400kg Ledswraazspfx Ad Nehb - Transport packages [pcs.]: 1 Financial information VAT: The price shown is exclusive of VAT VAT/margin: VAT deductible for entrepreneurs Delivery and trade-in always possible for everything in the industrial sectors Lukas van Rossum

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2001, functionality: fully functional, Control: Trumpf Sinumerik 840 D Working area: 3000 x 1650 mm Max. sheet thickness: 8 mm Max. punching force: 220 kN Active hold-down force: 4.5 – 20 kN Max. workpiece weight: 200 kg Speeds: X-axis: 100 m/min Y-axis: 60 m/min C-axis: 330 rpm Simultaneous X-Y: 116 m/min Punching stroke rate: 1000 1/min Marking stroke rate: approx. 2800 1/min Linear magazine: 21 tools with 4 clamps Lhodpfxjycia De Ad Nsb With light barrier, no further accessories! No tools included! FREE LOADED onto truck!

Year of construction: 2021, condition: good (used), Die-cutting and embossing machine Manufacturer: Heidelberg Model: Promatrix 106 CS Year of manufacture: 2021 Min. sheet format: 300 x 350 mm Max. sheet format: 760 x 1,060 mm Max. machine speed: 8,000 sheets/h Max. die-cutting pressure: 2.6 MN / 260 t Materials and stack height (incl. pallet) Paper min.: 90 g/m² Cardboard / solid board max.: 2,000 g/m² Corrugated board max.: 4.0 mm Feeder pile height: without Non-Stop max.: 1,500 mm Ljdpevxu Smefx Ad Nehb in Non-Stop operation max.: 1,200 mm Max. feeder pile weight: 1,500 kg Without blank separating station Without MasterSet 21126ä

Condition: excellent (used), functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 2010, laser power: 4,000 W, X working area max.: 3050 mm Y working area max.: 1550 mm Control: Rexroth IndraMotion MTX Laser power: 4,000 watts Standard equipment: Machine - Sturdy, easily accessible C-frame - Coordinate guidance for high-precision machining - Linear tool changer with 21 tool stations and 4 clamps - Maintenance-free three-phase drive motors - Repositioning device with programmable hold-down - Foot switch for closing clamps - 2 good parts containers - Automatic shutoff Laser station - TruFlow laser - High-frequency excitation - Cooling unit - TASC 3 laser controller - Enclosed beam guidance - Beam tube ventilation with compressed air - Programmable cutting gas pressure - Laser cutting head with 170 mm focal length - Universal quick-change cutting head device UTI with bus connection - LensLine - FocusLine - ControlLine - NitroLine - SprintLine - ContourLine - FlyLine - PlasmaLine - High-speed cutting - Additional Xp and Yp axes - Ejector cylinder for laser parts - Fast flap for laser parts 500 x 500 mm - Liftable laser cutting support - Slag cone detection - Laser logbook function Punching station - Electro-hydraulic punching head - Rotatable mono-tool holder - Tool length compensation - Programmable hold-down with adjustable force - Stroke counter for punches - Spray lubrication for punches - Punch slug extraction - Warp detection - Flap for punched parts 500 x 500 mm - Fill level monitoring in the punching console Control - Open control system based on Bosch Rexroth IntraMotion MTX - Operating panel with 15" TFT touchscreen - Program management and 80 GB storage capacity Lodpfx Asya U Twed Nshb - Diagnostic function with laser logbook - Integrated technology data - Teleservice Data transfer - Network connection RJ45 and USB interface Safety - CE marking - Multi-beam light barriers - Monitoring system for, among others, gas pressure, temperature, cooling water - Hydraulic quick shut-off - Protection against stray radiation - Compact extraction unit - TruFlow 4000 - Vibration-dampened installation - Thread forming function - MultiTool function - Chip conveyor with tilting container - Active die - Ejector for small parts - Brush tables with loading aid - Marking function - Repositioning cylinder - Warp detection

Condition: used, Single-Column Eccentric Press WEINGARTEN Type EV 63 Machine No. 738 / 61 Year of manufacture: 1962 Pressing force: 63 tons Throat depth: 260 mm Table size: 630 x 530 mm Table opening: Ø 210 mm Ram area: 315 x 260 mm Adjustable ram stroke: 8–100 mm Ram adjustment: 63 mm Ram shank bore: Ø 40 mm, with clamping piece Installation height: max. 450 mm Strokes per minute: 115 spm Air requirement: min. 4.5 bar Motor power: 4 kW Electrical connection: 380 Volt, 50 Hz Table height above floor: approx. 750 to 900 mm - Electric stroke release via foot switch or two-hand control - Overload protection by shear plate - Clutch-brake combination via WEINGARTEN friction-threaded clutch with TDC safety - Front crankshaft support bearing - Press table height adjustable via 2 threaded spindles - Manual central lubrication system - Free-standing electrical cabinet - UVV (accident prevention regulations) for manual loading operations Space requirements (L x W x H): 1750 x 1600 x 2430 mm Weight: 4.5 tons Ljdpfxek S Htxj Ad Nehb In good condition

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2014, functionality: fully functional, CNC punching machine with only approx. 11,600 operating hours, immediately available Manufacturer: TRUMPF Model: TruPunch 3000 - 1600(S11) Year of manufacture: 11/2013 Operating hours, approx.: only 11,600 h Sheet format: Large format TECHNICAL DATA: Working area: 3,000 x 1,500 mm, with repositioning Max. workpiece weight: 160 kg Punching and hold-down force: 180 kN and 20 kN Max. stroke rate: Punching: 800 1/min, Marking: 2,500 1/min Dimensions (L x W x H): 6,500 x 6,203 x 2,252 mm SPECIAL EQUIPMENT: - MultiTool function - MultiShear function - Marking / Fast embossing function - Deburring and roller technology - Adaptive stroke calibration - Punch slug breakage monitoring - Lowerable die - Spray degreasing for dies with fill level monitoring - Additional clamp - Sheet collision detection - Stop pin, outer side, left position outside STANDARD EQUIPMENT: Machine: - Working area 3,000 x 1,500 mm (with repositioning) - Rigid C-frame for easy access - Coordinate guidance for high-precision machining - Linear magazine with 17 tool stations and 3 clamps - Drives with maintenance-free 3-phase servo motors - Repositioning device with programmable hold-down - Ball tables - Parts chute - Programmable support table - Good parts container - Scrap container - Automatic shut-off mechanism - Transport and installation device - Stop pin (right side, inside) - Foot switch for closing the clamps Punching head: - Servo-electric punching head - Rotatable single-tool adapter - Programmable hold-down - Tool length compensation - Spray degreasing for punch - Punch slug extraction - Forming - Manually adjustable pressing force - Stroke counter for punch - Monitoring of fill level for thread-cutting and tool lubrication Control: - Control system based on Bosch MTX CMP 70 - Operating panel with 17" touchscreen - NC program management - Integrated technology data - Teleservice via Internet - Integrated e-shop - Production planning - Programming - Advanced workshop programming - Data transmission - USB interface Safety: Lhedoxn Tywepfx Ad Nob CE marking (ex works) Dual-beam light barriers

Condition: refurbished (used), Year of construction: 2000, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 150 152, total height: 6,615 mm, ram adjustment: 200 mm, installation height: 800 mm, table height: 1,000 mm, total width: 3,210 mm, total length: 5,140 mm, table length: 3,000 mm, table width: 1,400 mm, pressing force: 400 t, control cabinet height: 2,200 mm, control cabinet length: 3,600 mm, control cabinet width: 600 mm, type of input current: three-phase, clearance between the columns: 1,100 mm, distance between side stands: 1,100 mm, distance between stands: 3,020 mm, overall weight: 100,000 kg, year of last overhaul: 2025, ATTENTION: The machine will be completely overhauled mechanically and electrically before delivery in 2025/2026. Press force: 4000 kN Adjustable stroke: 50 - 300 mm Lhedpfx Aow H Ag Ted Neb Ram adjustment: 200 mm Strokes per minute: 15 - 60 Die installation height: 800 mm Table dimensions: 3000 x 1400 mm Ram dimensions: 3000 x 1200 mm New SIEMENS S7 1500 series control system

Condition: refurbished (used), Year of construction: 2020, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 150 583, total height: 3,975 mm, ram adjustment: 125 mm, installation height: 410 mm, table height: 1,220 mm, total width: 2,725 mm, total length: 3,510 mm, table length: 1,500 mm, table width: 1,200 mm, pressing force: 200 t, control cabinet height: 2,200 mm, control cabinet length: 340 mm, control cabinet width: 600 mm, type of input current: three-phase, clearance between the columns: 900 mm, distance between side stands: 900 mm, distance between stands: 1,520 mm, overall weight: 3,700 kg, year of last overhaul: 2025, ATTENTION: The machine suffered transport damage and will be completely overhauled mechanically and electrically before delivery in 2025/2026. Pressing force: 2000 kN Adjustable stroke: 20 - 160 mm Ram adjustment: 125 mm Strokes per minute: 30 - 180 Lhsdpfow H Arvex Ad Njb Die installation height: 410 mm Table dimensions: 1500 x 1200 mm (Press will be delivered with a brand new table plate, T-slot design of your choice) Ram dimensions: 1500 x 1000 mm Control: SIEMENS S7 1500 series, Year of manufacture: 2020

Condition: used, Single-Column Eccentric Press RASTER ZEULENRODA Type PDA 100 Year of manufacture: 1995 Pressing force: 100 tons Throat depth: approx. 360 mm Table size: 1200 x 710 mm Ram area: 900 x 500 mm Table opening: 400 x 120 mm Stroke adjustment: 6 to 82 mm Ram adjustment: 100 mm Installation height, max. stroke, ram Top Dead Center (TDC): max. 469 mm Installation height, max. stroke, ram Bottom Dead Center (BDC): max. 387 mm Strokes per minute: 50-200 s.p.m. Main drive motor power: 18.5 kW Power supply: 400 Volt, 50 Hz - Hydraulically actuated multiple-disc wet clutch and spring-loaded safety brake - Infinitely variable drive via PIV gearbox with inching mode for automatic stroke adjustment and setup operations - Hydraulic overload protection in the ram - Press force and process monitoring via UNIDOR APS - Pneumatic, steplessly adjustable ram weight compensation - Roller feeder MABU WE16, 160 x 3 mm, programmable feed length - Central grease lubrication - Operating manual and documentation for the press Included: Roller feed unit MABU Type WE16 Strip width: 160 mm Strip thickness: max. 3 mm Lsdpex U Eiajfx Ad Nohb Strip cross-section: max. 300 mm² Roller diameter: 63 mm Strip speed: 40 m/min - Adjacent feeder control MABU Space requirements for eccentric press L x W x H: 270 x 240 x 350 cm Weight of the press: 13.5 tons

Condition: excellent (used), functionality: fully functional, Height 475 mm Width 200 mm Operating pressure 6/7 bar Operating temperature 0/40° C Lsdpfxex U Efne Ad Nshb Weight 20 kg

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1990, serial number 28043 weight 3 t Lhsdpfx Aspxri Hjd Nsb pressure 30 t volt 380 V frequency 50 Hz

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1988, 220 V frequency 50 Hz combination machine ja extensive accessories ca. 50 Sätze pressure 50 t Lhodpfendz Npox Ad Neb

Condition: ready for operation (used), A hydraulic multi-purpose punching machine Geka is available. Punching force: 70t, angle shearing capacity: 150mm/150mm/13mm, flat bar shearing capacity: 450mm/15mm, round bar shearing capacity: 45mm, square bar shearing capacity: 45mm, punching station capacity hole diameter/material thickness: 28mm/20mm, beam and profile steel shearing capacity I-beam/U-beam: 120mm/120mm, bending station capacity: 250mm/15mm, notching station capacity: 250mm/250mm/6mm. Machine dimensions X/Y/Z: approx. 2000mm/1200mm/2000mm, weight: approx. 2000kg. An on-site inspection is possible. Ljdpfx Aeyb Sc Ejd Nohb

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 1997, Working area: 2500 x 1280 mm Punching force: 220 kN For sheet thickness up to: 8 mm Weight approx.: 11 t Ljdpfx Ajx Tr S Sod Nshb

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2004, Immediately available from Swiss operation: CNC Punch – Nibbling Machine Boschert Type TWIN 750 CNC/Z Year of manufacture: 2004 Working area: 810 x 1500 mm Sheet length with repositioning up to 9999 mm Table: 750 x 3500 mm Revotol 6 Hydraulic punching force: 28 tons Max. workpiece weight: 200 kg Strokes/min: 250 Strokes/min with fast cycling: 800 X-axis speed: 60 m/min Y-axis speed: 30 m/min Simultaneous X & Y-axis speed: 67 m/min Trumpf tooling Accuracy: plus/minus 0.05 mm Connection: 4.8 / 11 kW Lhsdjyayidepfx Ad Nsb Complete tooling included Weight: 11.5 tons Price: EUR 9,000.– plus VAT ex location

Year of construction: 1995, condition: ready for operation (used), Immediately available at location: Boschert punching nibbling machine Type KST 40 / 750 PowerLine digital Year of manufacture 1995 Press force 40 tons Stroke height 40 mm Punch diameter max 105 mm Sheet thickness max 10 mm Extension tables left and right Quick-change system Digital backgauge system x-axis 0 – 1500 mm left y-axis 0 – 750 mm Tools Weight 3 tons At the price of Euro 2,000.-- plus VAT ex location. Lodpfxsyaya Nj Ad Nehb

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1998, MACHINE WAS USED BY THE PREVIOUS OWNER SOLELY AS A PUNCHING MACHINE; THE LASER NEEDS TO BE CHECKED IF REQUIRED! Comes with TRUMALIFT SHEETMASTER 1606 TECHNICAL DETAILS Combined Punching/Laser Operation: 2,585 x 1,650 mm Punching Operation: 3,085 x 1,740 mm Laser Operation: 3,085 x 1,650 mm Performance Laser Power: 140 - 2,700 W Maximum Sheet Thickness: 8 mm Cutting Capacity – Mild Steel: 8 mm Cutting Capacity – Aluminum: 4 mm Cutting Capacity – Stainless Steel: 6 mm Maximum Punching Force: 220 kN Active Hold-Down (programmable in stages): 4.5 - 20 kN Maximum Workpiece Weight: 230 kg Speeds Max. Positioning Speed X-axis: 90 m/min Y-axis: 60 m/min Simultaneous (X and Y): 108 m/min Ledpfx Aoyar Dgod Nehb C-axis Punching: 60 rpm Thread Forming: 180 rpm Stroke Rate Punching (E = 1): 900 1/min Marking: 2,800 1/min Tools Linear Magazine: 18 tools with 3 clamps Tool Change Time: 1.5 - 5 s Precision Position Deviation: ±0.10 mm Mean Position Scatter: ±0.03 mm Programmable Chutes for Punching and Laser Parts (max.) Size: 500 x 500 mm TRUMPF CNC Control: Siemens Sinumerik 840D (base system)

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 1981, Bridgeport BR2J2 Turret Milling Machine Digital Readout Spindle Taper R8 Table Size 1065 x 230mm Table Travel: X - 765mm Ljdpsyary Isfx Ad Njhb Y - 305mm Knee Travel: Z - 405mm Quill Travel Z - 127mm Coolant 415V Electrics Coolant For sale with *Jet Machinery Ltd* Jet Machinery Stock No: #79044 Machine Serial Number: 362070681W Cost: £4,950.00 + VAT Whilst every effort has been made to ensure that the above information is accurate it is not guaranteed. We advise prospective purchasers to check any vital details. Health and Safety At Work Act 1974: It is not reasonably practical for ourselves as suppliers to ensure that for your application the goods comply with requirements of the Act with respect to guarding etc. Prospective purchasers should ensure that a guarding specialist inspect the goods prior to use.