Used Cnc Vertical Milling Machine for sale (84,749)

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 1986, CNC universal milling machine Make DECKEL Type: FP5NC Bj.1986 control DIALOG 4 Traverse paths: X710mm Y600mm Z500mm Clamping table : 1000mm x 550mm Tool clamp: SK40 Feed speed programmable: 2 ... 3600 mm / min Speed: 18 ... 6300 rpm Spindle power: 7.5KW machine in stock. Bdjdpfx Aoxr A A Aeb Tok

Condition: excellent (used), Brand: CORREA Model CF-17 Cnc : HEIDENHAIN 360 Table size : 2000 x 700 mm Number of T-slots: 5 x 22 Distance between T-Slots: 125 mm X axis Travel : 2000 mm Bsdjxcy D Sjpfx Ab Tedk Y axis travel : 800 mm Z axis travel : 800 mm Rapid traverse: 12.000 mm Spindle nose: ISO 50 Diameter of front bearing : 85 mm Turning ranges : 20-2750 rpm Range : 5-5000 Spindle power : 17 kw Max. Weight carrying on table : 3.500 kg Machine weight: 9.000 kg

Condition: new, The VHF 1.1 is a compact and versatile Conventional Vertical Milling Machine in the Universal Milling Machines category, designed by KNUTH. This universal milling machine boasts a robust frame made of vibration-dampening cast iron, ensuring stability during operations. Equipped with a horizontal spindle and a swiveling vertical milling head, the VHF 1.1 allows for infinitely variable spindle speed and feed on the X-axis, making it ideal for diverse applications in training departments, repair shops, and model-making workshops. Its 1.000 x 240 mm setup area and 535 mm travel on the X-axis facilitate various machining tasks, while the included coolant system and chip tray enhance functionality and cleanliness. Users benefit from the extensive standard equipment, which includes a 3-axis position indicator, drill chuck, reducing sleeves, and more. With its precise and powerful performance, the VHF 1.1 is an outstanding choice for anyone in need of a reliable milling machine. Don’t hesitate to request a quote and elevate your milling capabilities today! Bodpfx Absuyh Egj Todk

Year of construction: 1987, condition: ready for operation (used), Travel X/Y/Z: 560mm/500mm/450mm, tool holder: SK40, speed: 4000rpm, feed rate: 3.6m/min, rapid traverse: 4m/min, table dimensions X/Y: 530mm/900mm, max. table load: 450kg. Machine dimensions X/Y/Z: 2350mm/2200mm/2000mm, weight: approx. 2200kg, control: Deckel Contour 2. An on-site inspection is possible. Bedpsxvddvefx Ab Tsdk

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 1994, Universal machining center, CNC tool milling machine, milling machine, universal milling machine, tool milling machine, drilling and milling machine -Manufacturer: Knuth, CNC tool milling machine type WF 5 NC -Clamping table: 800 x 330 mm -Travel: X/Y/Z 400/330/440 mm -Spindle holder: SK40 -Quill stroke: 60 mm Bedowyivnjpfx Ab Tjdk -Speeds from: 63 to 3150 rpm -Coolant system -Accessories: including extensive accessories see photos -Dimensions: Machine: 1500/1345/H1900 mm / Control cabinet 750/450/H1730 mm -Total weight: 1960 kg

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1990, Weight . kg Year . content Rubintastkopf cbm Bdsdpfx Ajud Tr Rsb Tsk

Condition: as good as new (ex-display), Year of construction: 2025, The machine is on display and has only been used for demonstration purposes. Optimill F50 E CNC milling machine, direct from the manufacturer. Bdedpew Ea Swofx Ab Tok F50 E – The OPTIMUM CNC milling machine with Siemens SINUMERIK 808D Advanced control system stands out for its performance, speed, precision, and long service life. • Column design made of cast iron for high rigidity • Carousel-type tool changer with eight tool stations • All linear guides with stainless steel covers • Automatic central lubrication • Siemens main spindle motor • Siemens servo drive on all axes (closed-loop system) • Maximum spindle speed of 10,000 rpm • The portable electronic handwheel with enabling button and emergency stop slam switch greatly facilitates program setup • Coolant system with 70-liter coolant tank • Tool change carried out automatically or at the push of a button (electropneumatic tool clamping system) • Heavy-duty, precision-milled table – generously sized and finely surface-machined • Large access doors to minimize cleaning and maintenance times • LED machine lamp for full illumination of the work area • Additional SIEMENS package: material defect warranty and free on-site service (OSS) SINUMERIK 808D • Software package identical to control version, ensuring process reliability • LED tool number display • MCP with rotary switch for feed and spindle override • Absolute encoders – no reference run required • Higher accuracy Control • 8.4” LCD color display with 800 x 600 resolution Additional SIEMENS OSS package • 12 months; Item No. 3589010 • 36 months; Item No. 3589012 Dimensions and weights Length approx. 2030 mm Width/depth approx. 1600 mm Height approx. 1980 mm Weight approx. 1900 kg Electrical data Connection voltage 400 V Mains frequency 50 Hz Electrical connection Total connected load 10 kVA Horizontal milling table Length 690 mm Width 225 mm Vertical spindle to table distance min. 90 mm Vertical spindle to table distance max. 410 mm T-slot size 14 mm Number of T-slots 3 T-slot pitch 63 mm Maximum load 150 kg Accuracy Repeatability ± 0.015 mm Positioning accuracy ± 0.015 mm Pneumatic connection Operating pressure 6 bar Travel X-axis automatic 330 mm Y-axis automatic 220 mm Z-axis automatic 320 mm Spindle to column distance min. 280 mm Spindle to column distance max. 280 mm Vertical spindle Spindle taper BT 30 Speed range 10,000 rpm Drive motor power S1 continuous operation 3.7 kW Drive motor power S6-30% duty cycle 5.5 kW Drive motor torque S1 continuous operation 24 Nm Drive motor torque S6-30% duty cycle 36 Nm Feed speed X-axis 15,000 mm/min Y-axis 15,000 mm/min Z-axis 15,000 mm/min Feed motor torque X-axis S1 continuous operation 3.5 Nm Y-axis S1 continuous operation 6 Nm Z-axis S1 continuous operation 6 Nm Tool changer Type: carousel Number of tool stations: 8 Max. tool diameter: 100 mm Max. tool length: 200 mm Max. tool weight: 6 kg Tool-to-tool change time: 7 s

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2017, operating hours: 10,240 h, functionality: fully functional, travel distance X-axis: 3,600 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 1,100 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 900 mm, controller model: Heidenhain, spindle speed (max.): 15,000 rpm, operating hours of spindle: 10,400 h, We offer in good condition DMG Mori DMF 360-11 4-axis milling machine. X-Axis travel: 3600 mm Y-Axis travel: 1100 mm Z-Axis travel: 900 mm Spindle has been changed 2000 hours ago due to short circuit (no crash) Bodsxqa I Hepfx Ab Tedk HSK-A63 15.000 RPM spindle 46kW / 61.7 hp - 200 Nm Machine has following options: Swivel head Heidenhain Touch probe TS 642 Automatic door Internal coolant 40 bar with paperbelt filter

Condition: new, The Mark Super S, part of the Conventional Vertical Milling Machines category, excels as a mill drill with robust capabilities. This versatile machine is perfect for a wide array of applications, including drilling and milling of steel and non-ferrous metals. With its motorized cutter head movement and hand-wheel for precise positioning, the Mark Super S ensures that you can achieve accurate results every time. It features an infinitely variable feed on the X-axis, coupled with an automated drilling feed and a clear digital depth display for ease of use. The swiveling head allows for extensive maneuverability, while the gearbox milling head delivers powerful machining capabilities. Enhanced productivity is assured with dual gear steps for high torque, a 3-axis position indicator, and an intuitive operator interface. Even after 15 years of popularity, the Mark Super S remains a top choice for workshops and educational settings. Request a quote today to explore the advantages this mill drill can bring to your operations. Bdsdpfx Abjqcuc Tj Tek

Year of construction: 1990, condition: ready for operation (used), Two nearly identical Maho milling machines, one with and one without a tool changer, as well as a complete range of accessories/spare parts, are available. Travel X/Y/Z: 600mm/450mm/450mm, tool holder: ISO40, quill stroke: 80mm, spindle speed: 5000rpm, feed rate: 4m/min, rapid traverse: 6m/min. Tool diameter: 130mm/100mm, max. tool length: 250mm, max. tool weight: 6kg. Machine dimensions: approx. 3150mm/3750mm/2150mm, weight: approx. 3600kg. Documentation available. On-site inspection possible. Bodpfx Asxu I Atob Todk

Condition: like new (used), Year of construction: 2019, operating hours: 40 h, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: F9B192402, feed length X-axis: 450 mm, feed length Y-axis: 350 mm, feed length Z-axis: 400 mm, spindle speed (max.): 5,000 rpm, quill travel distance: 80 mm, rapid traverse X-axis: 5 m/min, rapid traverse Y-axis: 5 m/min, rapid traverse Z-axis: 5 m/min, total height: 1,990 mm, total width: 2,030 mm, total length: 1,980 mm, table width: 270 mm, table length: 400 mm, type of input current: three-phase, rotational speed (max.): 5,000 rpm, rotational speed (min.): 10 rpm, table load: 450 kg, overall weight: 2,270 kg, input voltage: 400 V, workpiece weight (max.): 450 kg, input current: 16 A, input frequency: 50 Hz, Equipment: CE marking, documentation/manual, rotational speed infinitely variable, Immediately available stock machine from our showroom in Trencin (SK). EMCOMAT FB 450 equipped with Siemens Sinumerik 828D control. DEMO machine in "AS NEW" condition, ready for immediate delivery. We are happy to prepare an individual quotation for you. Visit us to inspect and test the machine under power. Working range X450/Y350/Z400 mm Table size 800 x 400 mm Drive power 7/10 kW Stepless speed range 10–5000 rpm Bdodpfexapdcox Ab Tek SIEMENS Sinumerik 828D Universal toolroom milling and drilling machine featuring the advanced Sinumerik 828D system and hydraulic tool clamping. Working range X450/Y350/Z400 mm Drive power 7/10 kW Spindle speed 10–5000 rpm Feed rate 10–2000 mm/min Rapid traverse up to 5000 mm/min Machining accuracy as per DIN 8615 Tool clamping: DIN 69871 SK40 Features: - Linear guides - Ball screws - Vertical milling head swivels +/-90° with 80 mm quill travel - Swivel device for vertical head - Hydraulic tool clamping - Coolant system - LED machine lighting - Rigid angle table 800x400 mm - Chip tray - Automatic central lubrication - Operating tools supplied - Documentation in Czech and English - Sinumerik 828D available in Czech, German, and English - 15" multi-touch display - Includes control package for 3 axes with ball screws and servo motors - Machining cycles with graphical support: - Drilling, deep drilling, reaming - Thread cutting (with length compensation) on pitch circles and in line of holes - Rectangular and circular pocketing - Slotting cycle - Dwell cycle - USB interface, etc.

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1990, x-travel 1500 mm y-travel 1000 mm z-travel 700 mm table: 1500 x 1000 mm control FIDIA weight of the machine ca. 11 t +++++ Please note: Bodpfxoikn S Te Ab Tedk The machine is dismantled and ready for loading. It is not possible to show it under power or make a video. Our offer includes already the best pictures. So we don’t have and won’t send additional pictures. +++++

Condition: as good as new (ex-display), Year of construction: 2025, Machine is in the exhibition and was only used for demonstration purposes. Optimill F 80 CNC milling machine direct from the manufacturer. - Machine in cast iron column design for high rigidity - Carousel tool changer with 12 tool positions - All linear guides with stainless steel covers - Automatic central lubrication - Siemens main spindle motor - Siemens servo drive in all axes (closed control loop) - Maximum spindle speed of 10,000 min-1 - The portable, electronic handwheel with enabling switch and emergency stop switch makes it much easier to run in programs SINUMERIK 808 ADVANCED CNC technology from the technology leader SINUMERIK 808D on PC - Control-identical software package that further simplifies the handling of the machine tool Compact and robust - Thanks to a panel-based CNC design with few interfaces and a control panel in protection class IP65, the SINUMERIK 808D ADVANCED is perfectly prepared for use in harsh environments Communicative - Front panel USB (IP65) - Serial interface RS232C - RJ45 Ethernet on the rear - Technology-specific keyboard layout - Hard keys with protective membrane Dimensions and weights Length approx. 1995 mm Width/depth approx. 1930 mm Height approx. 1640 mm Weight approx. 2300 kg Rapid traverse speed X-axis 20 m/min Y-axis 20 m/min Z-axis 20 m/min Electrical data Supply voltage 400 V Mains frequency 50 Hz Electrical connection Total connected load 12 kVA Horizontal milling table Length 800 mm Width 260 mm Distance vertical spindle - milling table min. 100 mm Distance vertical spindle - milling table max. 550 mm T-slots size 16 mm Number of T-slots 5 T-slot spacing 50 mm Load capacity max. 200 kg Accuracy Repeat accuracy ± 0.01 mm Positioning accuracy ± 0.01 mm Coolant system Coolant pump(s) Drive power 450 W Tank capacity 80 l Pneumatic connection Operating pressure 7 bar Travel distance X-axis automatic 450 mm Y-axis automatic 260 mm Z-axis automatic 450 mm Distance spindle - column max. 370 mm Vertical spindle Spindle holder BT 40 Speed range 50 - 10000 min¯¹ Power drive motor continuous operation S1 3.7 kW Power drive motor S6-30 % operation 5.5 kW Torque drive motor continuous operation S1 24 Nm Torque drive motor 30% operation S6 36 Nm Feed motor Torque X-axis continuous operation S1 6 Nm Y-axis continuous operation S1 6 Nm Bdodsw Ea Rtepfx Ab Tok Z-axis continuous operation S1 11 Nm Tool changer Carousel type Number of tool positions 12 tools Tool diameter max. 95 mm Tool length max. 300 mm Tool weight max. 8 kg Time tool change chip to chip (C to C) 7 s

Condition: like new (used), Year of construction: 2004, Retrofitted: 2025 Numerical control: NUEVO/NEW HEIDENHAIN TNC-i640 Bdsdpfou T S Dwsx Ab Tok Technical features Dimensions Table dimensions: 5600 x 2000 mmNumber of T slots: 13T slots dimensions: 22 mm Traverses of axis X axis traverse: 5000 mmY axis traverse: 3250 mmZ axis traverse: 1000 mmVertical capacity (VC): 450 / 1450 mmDistance between columns: 2700 mm Milling head Auto-indexing differential head (UAD - 0,1º)Tool clamping system: HydraulicTaper nose: ISO50 (DIN69871)  /  Pull stud: DIN69872Speed range: 6000 rpmSpindle power: 30 kW Feedrates Rapid feedrate (X / Y,Z): 7200 / 12000 mm/min Weight and dimensions Maximum weight on table: 25000 kgMachine weight approximate: 56000 KgMachine dimensions approximate: 13200 x 5425 x 5350 mm Accesories Guarding: 2 sliding doors and new perimetral wire-mesh security omatic tool changer: OptionalChip conveyor: 1 transversal hinge typeElectronic handwheel: New HR-510Coolant: External internal high pressure through spindle Sales conditions Guarantee: 6 months mechanical spare partsPrice and sale conditions: On request View all technical features

Year of construction: 1983, condition: good (used), Machine number: 316204/22 Type / Model: FSS 315/E Travel x-y-z: 850 - 280 - 355 mm Bedpfofli Afsx Ab Tsdk table: 1.200 x 370 mm clamping surface: 1.060 x 260 mm Speed range: 28 to 1,400 rpm spindle mount: SK 50 quill stroke: 80 mm Feed rates x and y axis 16 to 800 mm/min feed z-axis: 5 to 250 mm/min Connection: 8 kW Accessories/equipment: Swivel head; condition: good Weight: 4 t Dimensions: 2.000 x 2.000 x 2.400 mm

Condition: used, Technical details: x-travel: 762 mm y-travel: 382 mm z-travel: 419 mm table surface area: 1070 x 230 mm spindle taper: Iso 40 weight of the machine ca.: 1600 kg This machine is currently in the technical department. Bedpsva Evfofx Ab Tjdk *

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2017, Table size: 4000x1200 mm, universal milling head: 360°, coolant system and internal cooling through the spindle, chip conveyor, 24-position tool changer, CNC control, manufacturer: HEIDENHAIN, model: TNC 530, with rotary table, PHV 600, diameter: 700 mm, tool holder: SK50, travel distances: X-axis: 3000 mm, Y-axis: 1200 mm, Z-axis: 1500 mm, table load capacity: 9 tons, tailstock. Bodpfx Aboxpy D So Todk

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1988, Year ca, 1988 tool taper MK 3 weight of the machine ca. 2,5 t Bsdpoiiwg Asfx Ab Tjdk digital ja +++++ Please note: The machine is dismantled and ready for loading. It is not possible to show it under power or make a video. Our offer includes already the best pictures. So we don’t have and won’t send additional pictures. +++++

Condition: as good as new (ex-display), Year of construction: 2025, Machine is in the exhibition and was only used for demonstration purposes. Optimill F 3 Pro CNC milling machine (training machine) directly from the manufacturer. Bjdpfxsw Ea R Ho Ab Tjdk F 3 PRO - The OPTIMUM CNC milling machine with Siemens control SINUMERIK 808D Advanced is characterized by performance, speed, precision and long service life. All linear guides with stainless steel covers Automatic central lubrication Servo drive from SIEMENS in all axes (open control loop) Max. Spindle speed 4000 min-1 Machine light in the work area Portable, electronic handwheel with enabling switch and emergency stop switch. Makes running in programs considerably easier Tools can be changed at the touch of a button Access doors very generously designed to reduce cleaning and maintenance time to a minimum Software package "SINUMERIK 808D on PC" included. (Practical training software so that workpieces can be programmed and simulated offline on the PC. Software can be downloaded free of charge at). SINUMERIK 808 ADVANCED - CNC technology from the technology leader, paired with a revolutionary operating concept The SINUMERIK 808D ADVANCED control is a panel-based CNC control. The compact and user-friendly entry-level solution is used for simple milling applications. Features such as simple operation, commissioning and maintenance are the perfect basis for equipping CNC machines. Compact and robust Thanks to a panel-based CNC design with few interfaces and a control panel in protection class IP65, the SINUMERIK 808D ADVANCED is perfectly prepared for use in harsh environments. The small dimensions allow it to be used in compact machines INCLUDED RJ45 Ethernet port 8.4" LCD color display with 800 x 600 resolution Prepared for remote maintenance Dimensions and weights Length approx. 1410 mm Width/depth approx. 1372 mm Height approx. 2007 mm Weight approx. 1000 kg Drilling/milling capacity Cutter head size max. 50 mm End mill size max. 25 mm Electrical data Supply voltage 400 V Mains frequency 50 Hz Electrical connection Total connected load 5 kVA Horizontal milling table Length 620 mm Width 180 mm Distance vertical spindle - milling table min. 50 mm Distance vertical spindle - milling table max. 295 mm T-slots size 12 mm Number of T-slots 3 T-slot spacing 50 mm Load max. 30 kg Accuracy Repeat accuracy ± 0.02 mm Positioning accuracy ± 0.01 mm Coolant system Coolant pump(s) Drive power 95 W Tank capacity 30 l Travel distance X-axis automatic 355 mm Y-axis automatic 190 mm Z-axis automatic 245 mm Vertical spindle Spindle holder BT 30 Speed range 4000 min¯¹ Explanation Speed range Please note that the maximum spindle speed must be reduced by approx. 20 % in continuous operation Power drive motor continuous operation S1 1.5 kW Power drive motor S6-30 % operation 2.2 kW Torque drive motor continuous operation S1 9.5 Nm Torque drive motor 30% operation S6 14 Nm Feed rate Speed X-axis 10000 mm/min Y-axis 10000 mm/min Z-axis 10000 mm/min Feed motor torque X-axis continuous operation S1 1.9 Nm Y-axis continuous operation S1 3.5 Nm Z-axis continuous operation S1 3.5 Nm

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1995, Technical details: x-travel: 500 mm y-travel: 200 mm z-travel: 300 mm Bodpfx Absu Ndfue Tsdk spindle taper ISO: SK 40 spindle head swivable left - right: je 45 ° range of revolution per miute: 45...2000 U/min headstock: dist. table - spindle center: max. 300 mm distance spindle nose and table: max. 300 mm feed:: 16...800 / 18 step mm/min table surface area: 1000 x 165 mm table swivelling to both sides: ja Grad control voltage: 380 V total power requirement: 4,6 kW machine weight approx.: 1540 kg dimension machine xH: 1,5 x 1,5 x 1,6 m The milling beam is slide adjustable with 580mm. Throat min. / max. 250/800mm *

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1976, Technical details: table surface area: 1300 x 190 mm range of revolution per miute: 60 - 4000 Stufenlos U/min feed continuous: Pinole: 0,06 / 0,12 / 0,24 mm/U quill stroke vertical: 140 mm Bjdpfx Aou Sq Emeb Tsdk spindle taper: SK 40 spindle head swivable left - right: 90° und 45° ° total power requirement: 3,0 kW weight of the machine ca.: 1620 kg machine dimensions LxWxH: 2,7 x 2,3 x 2,4 m Milling machine with universal milling head Spindle run right/left Table specifications: X/Y/Z travel: 860/380/460mm. feed X/Y/Z: 40 - 400mm/min. continuous rapid traverse 400mm/min. max. workpiece weight 30kg Equipment 3-way measuring display Mitutoyo with beam machine lighting Coolant tank with pump X- and Y-axis feed adjustable incl. accessories comparable to the picture *

Condition: used, Technical details: Bjdju Ndfhspfx Ab Todk x-travel: 880 mm y-travel: 300 mm z-travel: 900 mm w-axis: 60 mm spindle head swivable left - right: 60 ° table surface area: 880 x 300 mm machine weight approx.: 1200 kg dimension machine xH: 1,3 x 1,4 x 1,9 m incl. accessories *

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1990, Technical details: x-travel: 185 mm y-travel: 95 mm z-travel: 200 mm control: emco tronic TM02 spindle taper: SK 30 range of revolution per miute: 10 - 4000 / steples U/min feed continuous: 1 - 2000 / steples mm/min. rapid traverse: ca. 3,0 m/min tool turret - number of stations: 10 interface: R 232 table surface area: ca. 420 x 125 mm Bdodpfx Aovc Awrsb Tsk total power requirement: 0,8 kW machine dimensions LxWxH: 2,1 x 0,9 x 2,0 m EMCOTRONIC TM 02 control panel Operating modes: Manual operation (manual) and/or automatic Coolant system (with feed to the milling spindle) Operation via control panel standing on 3 swivel wheels Pneumatic door protection *

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1981, Technical details: x-travel: 400 mm y-travel: 420 mm z-travel: 380 mm table surface area: 710 x 400 mm max. table load: 120 kg range of revolution per miute: 45 - 2240 / 18 step U/min feed continuous: 6,3 - 600 / 2 steples mm/min Bsdpfeu Nc Hkjx Ab Tedk quill stroke vertical: 100 mm quill stroke: horizontal: 100 mm spindle taper: vertical/horizontal: SK 40/SK40 spindle head swivable left - right: 90 ° distance table/horizontal spindle: min./max.: 200 / 325 mm distance table/vertical head: min./max.: 150 / 730 mm total power requirement: 5,5 kW weight of the machine ca.: 1,95 kg machine dimensions LxWxH: 1,7 x 1,4 x 1,9 m dimensions electric cabinet: 850x500x1500 mm The milling machine is equipped with a 3-measuring path display. incl. machine feet and operating instructions *

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1980, Technical details: x-travel: 820 mm y-travel: 300 mm z-travel: 485 mm spindle taper ISO: SK 40 spindle head swivable left - right: 0 - 45° rechts/links ° Bdjdpfx Aswtct Tob Tok quill travel: 80 mm range of revolution per miute: 56 - 355 und 450 - 2800 U/min feed:: X/Y: 10 - 80 und 80 - 630 mm/min rapid traverse : X/Y: 3150mm mm/min Table dimensions: 1700 x 400 mm table surface area: 1120 x 205 mm total power requirement: 7,5 kW kW machine weight approx.: 2120 kg dimension machine xH: 1,7 x 1,7 x 2.5 m additional features: -Table adjustment via machine see X/Y and Z data -table adjustment by hand X/Y/Z: 850/330/505mm milling arbor reception max. Ø 40mm operation via control panel incl. 4 pieces foot plates *