Used Vertical Head for sale (15,617)

Condition: used, Accessories for e.g. a bench drill BFT 130: The spindle head and swivel angle can be swivelled 360° around their own axes. Two swivel planes The set angles can be read off on circumferential scales Speed max. 600 rpm. Spindle taper ISO 50 Weight approx. 270kg incl. connecting piece to the drive SK 50 pinoler/head * Bledpfou Nlgyjx Amron

Condition: used, VERTICAL MILLING HEAD Accessory for a Fritz Heckert FSS 400 milling machine Weight: 285 kg Dimensions (LxWxH): 550 x 500 x 550 mm Swivels 90° to the right / left Clamping surface: 500 x 400 mm Taper: SK 45 Flange diameter: D = 260 mm Mounting: 4 holes, diameter D = 17.5 mm * Bjdpfx Amev U I Sloroln

Condition: excellent (used), Vertical head MWM Ruhla SK 40 Pinion travel 80 mm Diameter of mounting flange 180 mm Bolt circle diameter 135 mm Four mounting holes, diameter 15 mm Diameter of centering pin 75 mm Blodpfjzdub Iex Amrjn Height 500 mm Width 190 mm Depth 250 mm Weight 50.5 kg

Condition: excellent (used), 1 used, partially overhauled vertical milling head with large overhang suitable for drilling machines manufactured by PAMA (origin: Italy) or other manufacturers Spindle mount: SK 50 Overhang: 660 mm Flange size: 465 x 440 mm Inner bore: 294 mm Speed range: up to approx. 1,500 rpm Max. drive power: approx. 22 kW Dimensions L x W x H: 750 x 440 x 465 mm Weight: 240 kg Accessories / Special features: • 1 rotatable axis (left/right) • Stepless angle adjustment, manual • 4 fixed indexing points, each 90°, with dowel pins • Tool clamping with tightening rod • For retrofitting to conventional, NC or CNC milling machines or drilling machines of any type, L-R pivoting, manual tool clamping, … The following partial overhaul was performed: - Grinding of the SK 50 tool mount on the milling spindle - Replacement of the bearings in the milling spindle Bedpfx Amjz Euydsroln - New shaft seals Siegfried Volz Werkzeugmaschinen Rüschebrinkstr. 151-153 DE - 44143 Dortmund - Wambel / Germany

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 1979, VTL BERTHIEZ (France) TM 500 SP Model: TM500 8P Year of Manufacture: 1979 Chuck diameter: 6300 mm Max. turning diameter: 15000 mm Bodpex Dbydofx Amreln Max. workpiece height: 4000 mm Arm travel: 3600 mm Main motor power: 100 kW Max. workpiece weight: 80 tons Side tool post section: 360x360 mm Side tool post travel: 2500 mm Machine weight: approx. 230 tons Video available Milling and hobbing heads available

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1984, Milling Head vertical accessory for a milling machine Fritz Heckert FSS 400 - weight 255 kg - dimensions: LxWxH: 560 x 500 x 400mm - swiveable 90° right / left - clamping area 500 x 400mm Bodpfx Asu N E Abomrjln *

Condition: new, 1 brand-new 90° vertical milling head for retrofitting to conventional, NC, or CNC milling machines or drilling machines of any type, with L-R swivel function, manual tool clamping. Technical data: Spindle mounting: ISO 50 Designed drive power: 22 kW Maximum speed: 3000 rpm Overhang: 350 mm Arbor support: Ø 180 mm Outer diameter of mounting surface: Ø 306 mm Head height: 441 mm Weight: 115 kg Accessories / Special features: • Manual tool clamping • The main spindle and all shafts and components are made of case-hardened and tempered chrome-nickel steel • 1 rotatable axis (left/right) • Ground gears Bodpsz Dqx Tefx Amrjln • The rolling bearings of the main spindle consist of tapered high-precision rollers • Tool clamping with draw rod Delivery time: approx. 12-14 weeks after order receipt Siegfried Volz Werkzeugmaschinen Rüschebrinkstr. 151-153 DE - 44143 Dortmund - Wambel / Germany

Condition: used, Vertical milling head, milling head, angle milling head MAHO suitable for MH300 or MH400. Year of manufacture approx. 1990. Tool holder: SK 40. Quill stroke: 60 mm. Centering diameter on the flange plate: 102 mm. Outer diameter of flange: 180 mm. Bolt circle on flange plate: Ø 150 mm. Mounting holes on flange plate: 4x Ø 11 mm. - Quill feed: 0.015 / 0.03 / 0.06 / 0.12 mm/rev. - Head drive via shaft Ø 32 with 10 mm keyway. - Knurled wheel with scale for quill stroke. - Angle scale on angle milling head 2x 90°. Dimensions L x W x H: 300 x 280 x 300 mm. Total weight: 31.4 kg. In good condition. Bljdjxf Ur Nspfx Amron

Condition: used, Keyway milling head, head for DECKEL milling machine, type FP 1 Factory number: 21948 Dovetail width: approx. 74 - 88 mm Dovetail height: approx. 14.5 mm Dovetail length: 285 mm Distance from the front edge of the dovetail to the center of the gear: approx. 200 mm Stroke size: max. 80 mm Stroke rate: max. 475 double strokes/min. Tool holder: 4-sided, 16 x 16 mm with clamping plate Bedpjznn Hrofx Amroln - Stroke size adjustable via eccentric adjustment - Drive from the machine gearbox, within the dovetail guide (as with the normal vertical head) - This keyway milling head is inserted into the dovetail guide in place of the normal vertical milling head (Mounting in place of the vertical milling head) - Drive gear in the keyway milling head, 39 teeth, gear width 15 mm, presumably 15° pressure angle - Keyway milling head can be rotated 360° on the flange plate, degree scale +/- 35° - Small breakout point on the housing Weight: 28.5 kg DECKEL FP1 has a pressure angle of 15° on the drive wheel. DECKEL FP2 + FP3 have a pressure angle of 20° on the drive wheel.

Condition: used, Vertical milling head, milling head with motor drive THIEL Tool holder: MK 5 (Morse taper size 5) Quill stroke, spindle travel: 80 mm Spindle speed at motor speed 1410 rpm = 490 / 780 / 1200 rpm. Spindle speed at motor speed 2950 rpm = 970 / 1530 / 2380 rpm. Spindle bore: 37 mm Bljdpfx Aoxddwrsmron Motor power: 1.4 / 1.8 kW Motor speed: 1410 / 2850 rpm Power connection: 400 Volt, 50 Hz - Spindle speed via 2 motor speeds and 3 belt stages - Mounting flange milling head Ø 215 mm with 2 bores Ø 15 mm, hole spacing 180 mm - suitable for tools with drawbar thread (ejector tang interferes with clamping) Required space L x W x H: 450 x 400 x 350 mm Net weight: 61 kg Good condition

Condition: like new (used), 1 unused universal vertical milling head, suitable for an ORADEA / EURO-MILL FUS 32 Design: “MAHO”, ISO 40 shank, quill stroke 100 mm, designed drive power approx. 3-4 kW, max. speed 2000 rpm, … Optional accessories: - Multiplier, gear ratio 1:4, ISO 40 shank Price: EUR 499.00 - Attachment for automatic feed device for the vertical milling head quill, “MAHO” system, 6 feeds 0.02 - 0.2 mm/rev Price: EUR 1,880.00 - Cross milling head, additional head for the vertical milling head with spindle taper ISO 30, rotatable, 360 degrees Price: EUR 585.00 plus statutory VAT. Siegfried Volz Werkzeugmaschinen Rüschebrinkstr. 151-153 Blsdpfx Amsddtwberon DE - 44143 Dortmund - Wambel / Germany

Condition: used, Filling and weighing line: “Ishida” Multihead weigher Type CCW-EZ-214/30 Heads: 14 pieces max 50 programs (0-49) Performance: up to max 99 weighings/min Accuracy: average 0 to + 1.0 g Weighing volume: 50-3000 g Display: micro controller display Ambient temperature: 0°C - 40°C Humidity: 35-85% (no condensation) Smallest setting: 0.1g + Vertical flowpackaging line “Rovema” Type VPK260 - 14961 yoc 2005 Performance (mech.) Cycles/min: 180 Roll width / diameter (max.) (mm): 450/ 550 (600 / 550 with pre-unrolling) Bag width (min. - max.) (mm): 60-260 Bag length (min. - max.) (mm): 120-600 Fill volume (max.) (cm³): 6000 Sealing pressure (max.) (N): 5000 (optional: 8000) Program memory: Standard: 100 (optional: 1000) Dimensions: (L x W x H) (mm): 2.200 x 1.430 x 1.620 mm Weight: 920 kg Power supply (volts): 230 / 400 Energy requirement (kVA): 8 Protection class: IP54 Compressed air connection: 6 bar Air consumption 6 bar (NI/cycle): 0.25 Machine color: Ral 9007L / gray aluminum Operating temperature (min. – max.) (°C): +5 … + 45 Storage temperature (min. – max.) (°C): -20 … +50 Air humidity (max.) (%): 15…95; no condensation in good condition Bedpfx Ajz Dvbyomreln

Year of construction: 2024, condition: used, Audoli & Bertola / Gruppo Aturia VHL 382/2 Industrial Vertical Pump with ABB 110 kW Motor Heavy-duty industrial vertical pump manufactured by Audoli & Bertola, a division of Gruppo Aturia S.p.A., complete with a large ABB electric motor. The pump's nameplate indicates a manufacturing date of 11/2024. Pump specifications: Manufacturer: Audoli & Bertola Division: Gruppo Aturia S.p.A. Type: VHL 382/2 Capacity: 317 m³/h Head: 28 m Speed: 1450 rpm Power: 110 kW Year: 11/2024 CE marked Configuration: Vertical industrial pump Large flanged connections ABB electric motor: Manufacturer: ABB Type: M3BP 315SMA 4 V1 Power: 110 kW Year: 2003 Frequency: 50 Hz Speed: approx. 1486–1488 rpm Protection class: IP55 Insulation class: F Duty: S1 Product code: 3GBP312210-BDG Vertical mounting configuration The pump is offered as a complete assembly with the ABB 110 kW electric motor, as shown in the pictures. Condition: Used industrial surplus Location: Rotterdam, The Netherlands The equipment is available from stock and can be inspected before purchase. This equipment is industrial surplus and is sold as-is, without warranty or claims. Please contact us for further information or to submit an offer. Bodpfez Di Nwsx Amroln

Condition: used, Twin vertical band saw with log lengthener. Suitable for widths from 70mm to 200mm. Log length from 50cm up to 3.7 meters. Bsdjyh Hc Rjpfx Amroln

Condition: used, Keyway milling head for milling machine, milling head, CCCP / USSR STANKO Type 1502 No.: 200 Year of manufacture: 1974 Stroke size: max. 60 mm Stroke rate: approx. 200 - 500 strokes/min. Tool holder: 12 x 17 mm with clamping plate Hole spacing machine flange plate: 245 x 185 mm Mounting hole: Ø 17 mm Centering diameter on the machine flange plate: 190 mm - Stroke size adjustable via eccentric adjustment - The drive is the same as for the standard vertical head, driven by the machine gearbox - Drive via a drive pin, centered within the centering diameter - Graduated scale on the flange plate, +/- 45° infinitely adjustable - This keyway milling head is flanged in place of the standard vertical milling head Bodpfxsd Dk A Ao Amroln (Mounting in place of the vertical milling head) Weight: 42 kg Good condition Keyway milling head, bearing number 58166, and vertical milling head, bearing number 58164, from an identical STANKO milling machine.

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 1989, Type: EDU / 80 DR EK ICH Bledpfx Amjh Ar Tyeren FQW / FQS Q ApW/Q ApSS Number: 1824/1989 Mounting: SK 50 Contact surface, W x H: 480 x 460 mm Hole spacing, W x H: 425 x 415 mm Gear diameter, internal / external: 75 / 100 mm Speed range: 18 to 2,800 rpm Condition: very good Weight: 280 kg Dimensions: 560 x 410 x 1,000 mm

Year of construction: 1997, condition: used, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 8116, For sale is a robust and versatile vertical console milling machine (turret mill) from the renowned Taiwanese manufacturer King Rich, model KR-V3000V, manufactured in 1997. The machine is based on the proven Bridgeport concept and is characterized by its extremely flexible geometry: the milling head can be tilted, and the upper arm can be rotated and moved. This makes it the ideal all-around machine for repair shops, jig and fixture manufacturing, workshops, or demanding users. Blodsz Hi S Djpfx Amron Technical data & details: • Manufacturer: King Rich Industries Co., Ltd. (Taiwan) • Model: KR-V3000V • Year of manufacture: 1997 • Control: Conventional (manual) • Spindle mount: ISO 40 (standard) • Main motor power: 3.75 kW (total connected load 5.16 kW) • Power connection: 415 V / 3 phases (high voltage) • Weight: approx. 1,600 kg (massive cast iron body) • Equipment: Automatic table feed (X-axis) installed Condition: The machine is in its original, as-is condition, directly from operation, and shows the typical wear and tear of a workshop machine. The guide rails do not show any deep rust visually. Inspection & Functionality: The machine is fully functional and can be inspected and tested on-site with power connected after prior arrangement. The scope of delivery includes the operating manual and a box with spare parts. Price: €3,600 payable in advance Note for collection: The buyer is responsible for the transport and loading. Assistance with loading can be provided.

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2013, operating hours: 10,649 h, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 101161, travel distance X-axis: 1,020 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 620 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 920 mm, controller model: Heidenhain iTNC 530, spindle speed (max.): 14,000 rpm, A new spindle was installed one year ago! Blsdpfx Amez Hwuteron TECHNICAL DETAILS Travel in X-axis: 1,020 mm Travel in Y-axis: 620 mm Travel in Z-axis: 920 mm Swivel range of B-axis: +30° to -120° Spindle speed range: 1–14,000 rpm Tool holder: SK 40 Tool magazine capacity: 40 Clamping surface of rotary table: 1,200 × 610 mm Diameter of rotary table: 500 mm MACHINE DETAILS CNC control: Heidenhain iTNC 530 Operating voltage: 400 V Frequency: 50 Hz Control voltage: 24 V Power: 75 kVA Rated current: 100 A Main fuse: 120 A Machine weight: 8,740 kg Operating hours (according to counter) Spindle running time: 10,649 h Program running time: 11,159 h Machine operating hours: 24,317 h Control operating hours: 26,901 h EQUIPMENT Fixed rotary table NC rotary table WALTER B-axis swivel head with torque drive Vertical tool changer 3D measuring probe Heidenhain Electronic handwheel Fixed full protective enclosure with interior lighting Internal cooling system Coolant system Oil mist extraction Chip conveyor Operating manual

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2017, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: P17XZG 044, Technical characteristics: # Machining workspace: X 500 mm; Y 400 mm; Z 330 mm # Axis description: 3 LINEAR AXES (X, Y, Z) + 1 rotary table axis A (indexing divider head) with direct angular measuring system, max. rotational speed 50 rpm, precision +/- 5 seconds # Axis A swivel range: +/-170˚ # Maximum clamping/workpiece dimensions: 650 x 400 mm; max. weight 300 kg # Rapid traverse speed (X/Y/Z): 54 m/min # Spindle speed: 100–10,000 rpm; spindle motor power: 11 kW # Spindle interface: BBT30 (with through-spindle coolant) # Automatic tool changer: 1x21 tools / chip-to-chip average time 1.5 sec # Maximum tool size: Ø40 mm / length max. 200 mm / 2 kg Electrical connection: # Voltage: 3x400V/50Hz # Installed power: approx. 20 kVA / 22A Dimensions: # Installation space: approx. 1.65 x 3.2 (with chip conveyor) x 2.8 m # Weight: approx. 8,500 kg Equipment includes: # This 4-axis FANUC Robodrill α-D21LiB5 was manufactured in 2016. Ideally suited for precision machining, this vertical machining center delivers robust performance and high reliability. # CNC control: FANUC Series 31i-B5 # 4th axis and tailstock: FANUC DDR-TiB 178DU039 (2017/08) and TSUDAKOMA tailstock Bjdpfx Asxxrb Ismroln # Chip conveyor & high-pressure coolant filtration unit (max. 40 bar): Mosnic model 1641/2010 # Spindle cooling system, guideways and control cabinet cooling # Oil mist extraction/recovery system: Bristol model B 1000 EF # Fire suppression system: Kraft & Bauer # Part presence detection: with low-pressure air sensors # Automation: automatic side door and interface, automation-ready # In-process control: Renishaw TRS2 # Documentation: incomplete Machine status: WORKING

Condition: repair required (used), Year of construction: 2014, functionality: not functional, machine/vehicle number: 67137, Technical characteristics: Work Area - Maximum clamping plate diameter: 250 mm - Maximum turning diameter: 250 mm - Maximum machining diameter: 220 mm - Maximum workpiece length: 200 mm - X-axis travel: 886 mm / Rapid traverse X: 60 m/min - Z-axis travel: 250 mm / Rapid traverse Z: 30 m/min - Y-axis travel: -85/+100 mm / Rapid traverse Y: 30 m/min - Standard closed automation (number of loading stations by workpiece diameter): 14/(80...200), 18/(30...160), 30/(30...85) Main Spindle - Spindle (Weiss) per DIN 55026: Size A6 - Maximum speed: 5,500 rpm - Power at 100% duty cycle: 38 kW - Torque at 100% duty cycle: 300 Nm Secondary Spindle HSK63 - Spindle head size/type: HSK-A63 - Nominal speed: 2,700 rpm / Nominal power: 12 kW / Nominal torque: 42.4 Nm - Maximum speed: 15,000 rpm - Power at 100% duty cycle: 38 kW - Torque at 100% duty cycle: 300 Nm Tool Holder with Motorized Tools - Turret VDI40, Siemens-drive 0.5.440.220 (manufacturer: Sauter) - Number of stations: 12 - Live tool nominal speed: 3,000 rpm / Nominal torque: 33.1 Nm - Live tool maximum speed: 10,000 rpm / Nominal torque: 56.2 Nm - Live tool nominal power at 100% duty cycle: 10.4 kW Electrical Equipment - Operating voltage: 400 V, fused 100A GL - Connected load: 45 kW Dimensions - Overall dimensions: Length = 4,021 mm, Width = 4,709 mm, Height = 3,527 mm - Weight: 8,000 kg Main Features and Capabilities: - Vertical design for optimal chip evacuation and easy loading/unloading - Control system: Siemens 840D SL - High precision with Heidenhain linear scales for X, Y, Z axes - High-power main spindle (Weiss) with a wide speed range - High-power secondary spindle (Weiss), easily accessible for drilling/milling operations - Automated loading/unloading via integrated automation - In-process control probe: Marposs T25 - Live tooling for extended machining capabilities (drilling, milling, etc.) - Chip conveyor: Knoll - Coolant 'paper' filter unit & chiller: Knoll KF150/500 - Electrostatic mist filter: IFS type IFM1000 Bsdpfxoxxi Urj Amreln Machine status: NOT WORKING - Sauter turret replaced with new unit; assembly not complete – turret motor spindle installation still required - Operator panel safety switch needs replacement

Condition: repair required (used), Year of construction: 2017, functionality: not functional, machine/vehicle number: P177ZG753, Technical characteristics: # Machining Workspace: X 500 mm; Y 400 mm; Z 330 mm # Axis Description: 3 LINEAR AXES (X, Y, Z) + 1 rotary table axis (A-axis) with index dividing head, direct angular measurement system, number of revolutions 50 min⁻¹, accuracy +/- 5" # A-axis Swivel Range: +/-170˚ # Maximum Clamping/Workpiece Dimensions: 650 x 400 mm; max. weight 300 kg # Rapid Traverse: X/Y/Z 54 m/min # Spindle Speed: 100–10,000 rpm, spindle motor power 11 kW # Spindle Taper: BBT30 (with internal cooling) # Automatic Tool Changer: 1x21 tools, chip-to-chip average time 1.5 sec # Maximum Tool Size: Ø40 mm / length max. 200 mm / 2 kg Electrical connection: # Voltage: 3x400V/50Hz # Installed Power: approx. 20 kVA / 22A Dimensions: # Installation space: approx. 1.65 x 3.2 m (with chip conveyor) x 2.8 m # Weight: approx. 8,500 kg Equipment includes: # This 4-axis FANUC Robodrill α-D21LiB5 was manufactured in 2016. Ideal for precision machining, this vertical machining centre offers robust performance and reliability. # CNC Control: Model 31i model b5 # 4th axis and tailstock: Fanuc DDR-TiB 178DU039 2017/08 and TSUDAKOMA tailstock # Chip extractor & coolant filtration unit max. 40 bar: Mosnic model 1641/2010 # Spindle, Guideways, and Electrical Cabinet Cooling Systems # Oil Vapor Absorption/Recovery System: Bristol model B 1000 EF # Fire suppression: Kraft & Bauer # Part presence detection: with low pressure air sensors # Automation: Lateral door automatic and interface ready for automation Bljdpfx Ajxxt Ehemrsn # In-process inspection: Renishaw TRS2 # Documentation: incomplete Machine condition: NOT WORKING # Hydraulic unit defective # Two emulsion pumps # Guideway lubrication pump # Safety switch Euchner

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2016, Steton 5-head four-sided planer. Steton 5-head four-sided planer. The machine after the review does not require a financial contribution. Technical data: - max width of the workpiece 23 cm - max height 13 cm spindle diameter 40mm - 1 - Horizontal bottom 23 cm - 2 - vertical right 13 cm Bedpji Apuhjfx Amrsln - 3 - vertical left 13 cm - 4 - horizontal upper 23 cm - 5 - universal 360 degree soundproofing cabin - electric setting of planing thickness - two types of feed speed

Condition: used, Biesse Skipper V31 CNC drilling center Working area: Length X: 3200 mm Width Y: 900 mm Thickness Z: 70 mm Feed rate: X-axis: 25 m/min Y-axis: 50 m/min Z-axis: 25 m/min Drilling head motor power: 1.7 kW Bsdpfx Asz Hx Nrsmrsln 10 vertical drilling spindles, 6 horizontal drills (4 drills on the X-axis, 2 drills on the Y-axis), Saw blade for grooving on the X-axis, Biesse Works software 4.5 kW milling spindle, ISO30 chuck with stepless speed adjustment up to 18,000 rpm. CE marking The machine is in good condition; the drilling unit and axes operate quietly. Weight: 1,300 kg

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 1997, functionality: fully functional, travel distance X-axis: 1,660 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 510 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 510 mm, controller model: M+ Mazatrol, table load: 1,000 kg, TECHNICAL DETAILS Travel in the X-axis: 1,660 mm Travel in the Y-axis: 510 mm Travel in the Z-axis: 510 mm Table dimensions: 2,000 × 510 mm Table load capacity: max. 1,000 kg Spindle speed: 7,000 rpm Blodpfoz Ahw Hjx Amren Tool holder: SK 40 Tool magazine: 48 tools MACHINE DETAILS Control system: M+ Mazatrol Machine weight approx.: 7,500 kg Space requirement approx.: 5 m² EQUIPMENT Chip conveyor: MAYFRAN 4th axis: Tilting rotary table: Rotamatik RM 100

Condition: excellent (used), Catalog number 6747 TECHNICAL DATA - max. planing width 170mm - max. planing height 130mm 7 spindles: 1) horizontal lower 170mm 4kW 2) vertical right 130mm 5.5kW 3) vertical left 130mm 5.5kW 4) vertical right 130mm 5.5kW 5) horizontal upper 170mm 4kW - 5 spindles with electrically adjustable up/down movement 6) horizontal lower 170mm 5.5kW 7) universal 170mm, adjustable at an angle of 180° 7.5kW - diameter of all spindles 35mm - all spindles adjustable up/down and left/right - 6 toothed feed rollers on top, including 2 double rollers - 4 rubber feed rollers on top - feed rollers with pneumatic pressure - 1 pressure roller on the side - 2 guide strips on the table - electric adjustment of planing thickness 0.37kW - length of the infeed table 2480mm Bsdpfxjzwwmaj Amrsln - stepless adjustment of feed speed - feed motor 2.2kW - diameters of dust extraction nozzles 1x135mm, 5x120mm - dimensions (L/W/H) 5550x1900x1660mm - weight approx. 3500kg ADVANTAGES - German-made - with 7 heads - universal spindle - used planer, very good condition Net price: 27900 PLN Net price: 6488 EUR Net price calculated based on an exchange rate of 4.30 PLN/EUR (price may change in case of significant exchange rate fluctuations)