Used Traub Tns 65 for sale (88)

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 1994, TRAUB TNS 65 D / 5-axis CNC turning-milling center Csdpfx Abjyc Nnzebogn - TX8 D control - Complete technical data see photos - Year of manufacture 1994 - Hydrobar bar feeder - Various driven tool holders - Tool holders - Three-jaw chuck - Complete documentation Subject to errors and omissions.

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1990, turning diameter 250 mm turning length 450 mm Cedpfx Ast Hwq Djbbegn control TX8D bore 80 mm spindle speed: 3150 U/min. CNC Lathe with Bar Feed and 3 Turrets Very large spindle bore, with bar loading device Please ask for further details.

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1996, max. bar material dia. 65 mm max. swing diameter 175 mm max. bar length 3.000 mm control System TX 8F travel -x axis 140 mm travel -z axis 520 mm CNC lathe | TRAUB - TNC 42/65 DG equipped with bar loader. Cgsdjxbtq Njpfx Abben The machine is in a well-maintained condition. The machine videos from the production plant will be shared on request. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - #Tags: TNC65 | TNC-65 |TNC 42-65 DG | TNC 42/65DG

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2003, max. bar material dia. 65 mm Cgedpfx Aboxbtp Eobsn max. bar length 3.000 mm control System TX 8H CNC lathe | TRAUB - TNC 65 equipped with bar loader . The machine is in a well-maintained condition. The machine videos from the production plant will be shared on request. Technical data of the machine will follow soon. We ask for your understanding ! - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - #Tags: TNC65 | TNC-65

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1995, Traub Type TNC 42/65 DG CNC Lathe with Traub System TX8F Control,Twin Spindle with Collet Chucks, (2) x 10 Station Turrets, Swarf Conveyor. S/No. 251 (1995). Country of Origin: Germany Location: These lots are located in Leamington Spa, UK. Unfortunately, there are no loading facilities on-site, dismantling and loading will be at the cost of the purchaser. All/Any tooling is being offered as specifically described. Cgedpfxoyfgmme Abbjn

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2001, Ref. -No.: 10551 Manufacturer: TRAUB Type: TNC 42/65 Year of construction: 2001 Type of control: CNC Control: TRAUB TX Storage location: Halberstadt Country of origin: Germany Machine-No.: 93XXXXX Turning Speeds: 8000 RPM X stroke: 450 mm Turning Length: 450 mm Spindle Speeds: 4000 RPM Clamping Diameter: 42 / 65 mm Spindle Diameter In Front Bearing: 110 mm Tool Taper: 14 Max. Torque: 170 / 230 Nm Rapid Travel Speed X-Axis: 15 m / min Rapid Travel Speed Y-Axis: 6 m / min Rapid Travel Speed Z-Axis: 30 m / min Dimensions Of The Machine (Lxwxh): 4354 x 2076 x 1917 m Chisel slide cross section turning and milling support: 16 x16 ( 20 x20 ) mm Pressure: 70 bar hydraulic tank: 70 L. Total Power Requirement: 39 kVA Weight Of The Machine Ca.: 5,2 t Feed force X-axis at 100% duty cycle: 5000 N Feed path X-axis: 140 mm Z-axis feed path: 450 mm Y-axis feed path: 35 mm Ball screw Z-axis (Ø x pitch): 32 x 10 mm Ball screw X-axis (Ø x pitch): 32 x 5 mm Ball screw Y-axis (Ø x pitch): 25 x 5 mm Further information: - Revolver 1 Number of branches 10 - Revolver 2 Number of branches 14 Codsx Sw Icepfx Abbegn - Hecowpkfie Htlx Tfefh - Powered tools Yes

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1987, Technical details: turning diameter over bed: 180 mm turning length: 490 mm swing diameter: 450 mm cross travel: Z-Weg: 168 mm control: Traub TX8D revolution per minute: 20 - 4000 U/min spindle passage: Ø 60 mm operating hours - idle run: 23.495 h tool turret: 12 tools total power requirement: 38 kW Weight approx.: 4,2 t dimension machine xH: 3,6 x 2,5 x 2,2 m Tool holder straight shank DIN 69880 (VDI 3425) Ø 40x63 Röhm lathe chuck Ø 200mm hydraulic clamping Operation via double foot switch and control panel/operating panel. Coolant device The Traub carries an integrated chip conveyor with an ejection height of 1,100mm (currently without function). Accessories: multiple small parts 8 x machine feet Cgjdpfx Aeu Ix N Sobbjn without tailstock i.D. *

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2005, Technical details: turning diameter: 275 mm turning length: 900 mm spindle passage: 65 mm power capacity at 100 % load: 25/20 kW spindle turning speed range: 1 - 5000 U/min spindle diameter in front bearing: 110 mm c-axis: 1 - 500 U/min. number of workpiece supports: 4 tool turret: 1 x-axis: 290 mm y-axis: 165 mm z-axis: 360 mm b-axis: 360 ° rapid speed: 18/30 m/min number of tools: 2x2 + 2x2 number of driven tools: 2x2 + 2x2 mm toolpiece turning speed range: 8000 / 2000 U/min power capacity: 25% ED 5,8 kW tool taper: TRAUB 60 tool turret: 2/3/4 x-axis: 170 mm z-axis: 600/950 mm y-axis: +/- 60 mm rapid speed: 18/15/30 m/min number of driven tools: 10 mm toolpiece turning speed range: 1 - 6000 U/min power capacity: 25% ED 5,8 kW tool taper: DIN 69880 40 x 63 total power requirement: 95 kW weight of the machine ca.: 16 t dimensions of the machine ca.: 10,0 x 3,5 x 3,0 m with CNC TRAUB TX 8i, Barloader TRAUB Stamag DNH61 / 3000, Main and Sub spindle with C-axis 1 support with B-axis 3 turret supports dust exhauster, coolant attachment with coalescence-seperator and chip conveyor 2 pc. 3-jaw chuck SMW KNCS-N 170-43 2 pc. HAINBUCH Spanntop chuck Cgsdpowp D Nbjfx Abben 40 pc. various tool holder non-driven 6 pc various tool holder driven Spare parts package *

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2012, functionality: fully functional, Description follows Cjdpfx Abex A Hdfobogn

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 1996, operating hours: 46,282 h, rapid traverse X-axis: 15 m/min, rapid traverse Y-axis: 15 m/min, rapid traverse Z-axis: 15 m/min, total height: 2,600 mm, total length: 11,000 mm, total width: 2,000 mm, overall weight: 6,000 kg, controller manufacturer: TRAUB, controller model: TX 8F, counter spindle speed (max.): 4,000 rpm, number of slots in tool magazine: 10, - Includes two 10-position tool turrets with driven tool stations - Includes HAINBUCH chuck system - Includes sub-spindle, bar feeder (manufacturer: STAMAG) - Includes chip conveyor TECHNICAL DATA: - Operating voltage: 400 V - Frequency: 50 Hz - Control voltage: 230 V - Rated current: 85 A - Connection: 54 kW - Connected load: 39 kW - Noise emission value at operator position: 71 dB(A) Ambient conditions: - Temperature: 5 – 40°C - Air humidity: max. 70% - Workpiece removal via sub-spindle - Max. sub-spindle speed: 4000 min-1 - Max. workpiece diameter: 56 mm - Programming: EIA and ISO code Input and output resolution: - X/Z: 0.001 mm - C axis: 0.001° - Rapid traverse: max. 15 m/min - Fine interpolation cycle: 0.34 ms - Largest thread pitch: 999.999 mm - Largest radius: 99,999.999 mm - Feed override: 0…200% - Rapid traverse override: 0…100% - Speed override: 50…120% - Speed input: 5 digits - Cutting speed input: 4 digits - Tool input: 4 digits - Program number: 8 digits - Subprogram number: 8 digits - Block number: 4 digits - M-functions: 3 digits - B-functions: 6 digits - Memory capacity: 32,000 characters - Tool correction pairs: 40 NUMERICALLY CONTROLLED TURNING AND POSITIONING UNIT (C AXIS): Main spindle: - Max. speed: 80 min-1 - Torque at 100% duty cycle: 100 Nm - Accuracy: +/- 3 min Sub-spindle: - Max. speed: 80 min-1 - Torque at 100% duty cycle: 30 Nm - Accuracy: +/- 3 min TOOL CARRIER 1 & 2: - Driven tools per tool carrier: 10 (14) - Max. speed: 4000 (8000) - Power at 100% duty cycle: 1.5 kW - Power at 15% duty cycle: 4 kW - Torque at 15% duty cycle: 12.4 (4) Nm - Tool holder/tool carrier quantity: 10 (14) - Cylindrical shank as per DIN 69880: Ø 30 x 55 (25 x 48) mm - Chisel cross-section: 20 x 20 (16 x 16) mm - Chip-to-chip time (per VDI 2852): 1.2 s - Switching time one station: 0.6 s - Over 5 stations: 1.5 s SUB-SPINDLE (NUMERICALLY CONTROLLED IN Z DIRECTION): - Max. speed: 4000 min-1 - Max. clamping diameter: 65 mm - Three-phase motor steplessly programmable: 11 kW - Torque: 210 Nm - Feed force at 100% duty cycle: 6000 N - Feed travel: 520 mm - Ball screw operation: Ø 32 x 10 mm HYDRAULICS: - System pressure: 60 bar - Tank capacity: 150 l COOLANT LUBRICATION: - Per tool carrier: 1-stage centrifugal pump - Pump pressure: 5/12 bar - Tank capacity: - without chip conveyor: 300 l - with chip conveyor: 280 l NOTICE: Due to sporadic work, the operating hours may still change slightly. Cgedswpa Rujpfx Abbsn

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2007, Traub TNX 65/42 Milling and Turning Center Mfd. 2007 Serial #7060107 Commissioned in 2010 TX 8i-S control (Mitsubishi/Traub based control with Mitsubishi drives and motors) 15 CNC axis’s (4) X-Y-Z turrets with 10 positions each. Up to 20 tools per turret 65 mm thru hole main and sub spindle (sub spindle has coolant flush) Foot pedal control for clamp/unclamp of spindle chucks Servo driven gantry receiver Hydraulic swivel w/ pneumatic finished part and bar remnant gripper Finished part conveyor belt RESY paper band coolant filter Knoll Coolant tank with BKW refrigerated coolant temperature control 20 Bar High pressure and 8 Bar Low pressure coolant pumps Knoll chip conveyor FMB Turbo 5-55 magazine bar feeder (new in 2010) 2) Single stick turning tool holders 2) Double stick turning tool holders 1) Cut-off tool holder 1) Overdriven double radial live ER Collet tool holder 1) Overdriven radial live ER Collet tool holder 4) Radial live ER Collet tool holders Cjdpfx Ajq Npqmjbbsgn 1) Radial live End Mill tool holder 1) Angle adjustable live ER Collet tool holder 2) Radial live Shell Mill tool holders 2) Axial live End Mill tool holders 6) Axial live ER Collet tool holders 43) Additional tool holders on separate list (see supplemental attachment) Hainbuch main spindle collet chuck Rohm sub spindle 2 jaw chuck 2 Spare sets of spare Z-axis ball screws and bearing packs.

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 1996, operating hours: 38,433 h, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 489, bar diameter (max.): 65 mm, controller model: TRAUB TX8F, bar length: 3,000 mm, number of axes: 7, Equipment: bar feeder, chip conveyor, CNC automatic lathe with seven axes as well as main and counter spindle! TECHNICAL DETAILS Axes and spindles Number of axes: 7 Main spindle: present Counter spindle: present Number of turrets: 2 C-axes: 2 Y-axis: 1 Control: TRAUB TX8F MACHINE DETAILS Operating hours: 38,433 hours EQUIPMENT Bar loading magazine Stamag DN61 (bar diameter 65 mm, bar length 3 m) Coolant system Cedpew Uiktofx Abbjgn Parts discharge Chip conveyor Air filter

Year of construction: 1996, condition: ready for operation (used), Turning length: 450mm, spindle clearance: 65mm, speed: 4000rpm, main spindle/counter spindle power: 18.5kW/11kW, tool positions: 10, driven tools: 10, hydraulic capacity: 150l, hydraulic pressure: 60bar, connected load: 39kW. Rapid traverse X1/X2: 15m/min, feed force: 5000N, feed path: 140mm. Rapid traverse Z1/Z2: 30m/min, feed force: 8000N, feed path: 450mm. Rapid traverse Y1: 6m/min, feed force: 8000N, feed path: +/-35mm. Machine dimensions X/Y/Z: approx. 4150mm/2000mm/1800mm, weight: approx. 4750kg, control: Traub System TX 8F, operating hours: 78825h. Documentation available. On-site inspection is possible. Cjdpfxsv Scrhe Abbsgn

Year of construction: 2015, condition: ready for operation (used), A CNC double-spindle lathe Traub overhauled in 2025 is available. Turning length: 450mm, spindle clearance: 65mm, speed: 4000rpm, main spindle/counter spindle power: 18.5kW/11kW, tool positions: 10, driven tools: 10, hydraulic capacity: 150l, hydraulic pressure: 60bar, connected load: 39kW. Rapid traverse X1/X2: 15m/min, feed force: 5000N, feed path: 140mm. Rapid traverse Z1/Z2: 30m/min, feed force: 8000N, feed path: 450mm. Rapid traverse Y1: 6m/min, feed force: 8000N, feed path: +/-35mm. Machine dimensions X/Y/Z: approx. 4150mm/2000mm/1800mm, weight: approx. 4750kg, control: Traub System TX 8F, operating hours: 12938h. Including chip conveyor and bar loader LNS Quick Load. Documentation available. On-site inspection is possible. Csdsv Scrbspfx Abbogn

Condition: used, TECHNICAL DETAILS - Number of spindles : 2 - Number of axes : 12 - Number of turrets : 3 MAIN SPINDLE - Spindle nose : A2-6 - Spindle power : 24 [kW] - Spindle speeds : 5.000 [rpm] - Max. bar diameter : 65 [mm] - Max. chuck diameter : 175 [mm] - C axis indexing precision : 0,001 [°] COUNTER-SPINDLE - Spindle nose : A2-5 - Spindle power : 28 [kW] - Spindle speeds : 7.000 [rpm] - Max. bar diameter : 42 [mm] - C axis indexing precision : 0,001 [°] - Travel : 700 [mm] UPPER LEFT TURRET - Number of positions : 10 - Number of motorized positions : 10 - X/Z stroke : 175 / 650 [mm] - Y stroke : +/- 40 [mm] - Tool type : VDI 30 - Live tools speed : 6.000 [rpm] - Live tools power : 5,5 [kW] LOWER LEFT TURRET - Number of positions : 10 - Number of motorized positions : 10 - X/Z stroke : 175 / 650 [mm] - Y stroke : +/- 40 [mm] - Tool type : VDI 30 - Live tools speed : 6.000 [rpm] - Live tools power : 5,5 [kW] LOWER RIGHT TURRET - Number of positions : 10 - Number of motorized positions : 10 - X/Z stroke : 175 / 650 [mm] - Y stroke : +/- 40 [mm] - Tool type : VDI 30 - Live tools speed : 6.000 [rpm] - Live tools power : 5,5 [kW] POWER SUPPLY - Supply voltage : 400 [V] - Total installed power : 95 [kW] WEIGHT & DIMENSIONS - Machine floor space : 5.450 x 2.318 [mm] - Machine height : 2.258 [mm] - Machine weight : 10.000 [kg] MACHINE HOURS - Number of working hours : 50000 [h] EQUIPMENT - CNC : Traub TX8i-S - Electronic handwheel - 3 colors status lamp - Coolant tank : RESY Codpfxjuhadze Abbogn * with high-pressure pump * with paper filtering unit - Chips conveyor - Parts catcher - Parts conveying strip - Number of turning tool holders : 6 - Number of fixed tool holders : 33 - Collet chuck : 2 HAINBUCH

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2007, functionality: fully functional, TX8i control, spindle bore 65 mm, two turrets, turret 1 with Y-axis, turret 2 with steady rest, sub-spindle, chip conveyor, short bar loader. Cgjdpfx Aeyghmqsbbon

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 1996, CNC turning center TRAUB Type:TNC65 DG Year 1996 Control TRAUB TX8F Csdpfeu Eug Ijx Abbegn With lots of accessories.

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2005, turning diameter 275 mm turning length 900 mm control TRAUB TX8i spindle passage 65 mm power capacity at 100 % load 25,20 kW power capacity at 40 % load 30,20 KW max. torque at 40% / 100% load 180 / 135 Nm spindle turning speed - stepless 1 - 5.000 U/min spindle diameter in front bearing 110 mm C-axis 1 - 500 U/min worktool support No. 1 x-axis 290 mm y-axis 165 mm z-axis 600/950 mm B - axis 360 ° Csdpfx Absw E Nnbobjgn rapid traverse X/Y/Z 18 / 18 / 30 m/min feed capacity X/Y/Z 10 / 10 / 7 kN number of tools 2x2 + 2x2 number of driven tools 2x2 + 2x2 mm toolpiece turning speed range 8.000 / 2.000 U/min power capacity at 25 % load 5,80 kW max. torque at 25% load 4x18,6 / 4x74 Nm tool taper TRAUB Ø60 worktool support No.2 / No.3 / No.4 x-axis 170 mm z-axis 600/950 mm y-axis +/- 60 mm rapid traverse X/Y/Z 18 / 15 / 30 m/min feed capacity X/Y/Z 10 / 10 / 7 kN tool turret - number of stations 10 number of driven tools 10 mm toolpiece turning speed range 1 - 6.000 U/min power capacity at 25 % load 5,80 kW max. torque at 25% load 18,60 Nm tool taper DIN 69880 Ø40x63 bar loader DNH61 / 3000 Bar length 1.000 - 3.200 mm bar material dia. 18 - 63 mm hexagon max.45 mm total power requirement 95,00 kW weight of the machine ca. 16,00 t dimensions of the machine ca. 10,00 x 3,50 x H3,00 m With TRAUB TX 8i control unit, main and counter spindle with C-axis, 3 turrets, 1 vertical-tool-carrier with B-axis, dust exhauster, chip conveyor, coolant system with coalescence-separator. Barfeeder TRAUB Stamag DNH61 /3000 2 pc. 3-jaw chuck SMW KNCS-N 170-43 2 pc. HAINBUCH Spanntop chuck 40 pc. various tool holder non-driven 6 pc various tool holder driven Spare parts package Machine can be inspected under power.

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2006, operating hours: 37,000 h, functionality: fully functional, TRAUB TNX65 with bar feeder and accessories Year of manufacture: 2006 Operating hours: 37,000 h Control: TX8i - Two tool turrets resealed - High-pressure pump replaced - Machine fully functional - Geometry within manufacturer's tolerances Accessories: - 2x Hainbuch chucks - Various tool holders (see images) - Breuer bar feeder (1200 mm) - Number of spindles: 2 - Number of turrets: 2 MAIN SPINDLE - Spindle nose: A2-6 - Spindle drive power: 24 kW - Spindle speed: 5,000 rpm - Max. bar diameter: 65 mm - Max. main spindle chuck diameter: 175 mm - Minimum C-axis resolution: 0.001 [degrees] COUNTER SPINDLE - Spindle nose: A2-5 - Spindle drive power: 28 [kW] - Spindle speed: 7,000 [rpm] - Max. bar diameter: 42 [mm] - Minimum C-axis resolution: 0.001 [degrees] - Travel: 700 [mm] LEFT UPPER TURRET - Number of positions: 10 - Number of motorized positions: 10 - X/Z travel: 175 / 650 [mm] - Y travel: +/- 40 [mm] - Tool type: VDI 30 Codpewm Igfjfx Abbegn - Driven tool speed: 6,000 [rpm] - Driven tool power: 5.5 [kW] RIGHT LOWER TURRET - Number of positions: 10 - Number of motorized positions : 10 - X/Z travel: 175 / 650 [mm] - Y travel: +/- 40 [mm] - Tool type: VDI 30 - Driven tool speed: 6,000 [rpm] - Driven tool power: 5.5 [kW] ELECTRICAL SUPPLY - Supply voltage: 400 [V] - Total drive: 95 [kW] WEIGHT AND DIMENSIONS - Space requirement: 5,450 x 2,318 [mm] - Machine height: 2,258 [mm] - Machine weight: 10,000 [kg]

Condition: reconditioned (used), Year of construction: 2005, functionality: fully functional, Traub CNC lathe TNC65DGY, TX8I, year 2005, serial no. 1130 Description Y-axis on S1, V-axis, 2x C-axis, 2x rotary tool drive, 2 VDI30 turrets, Hainbuch BZI65 on main and counter spindle, parts gripper, Iemca Master 880MP-E loading magazine, Cedpjwi I Eyefx Abbsgn Condition Very well maintained, good condition, serviced. Machine geometry has been checked and corrected/adjusted. Machine can be viewed under power – video available. 6-month warranty on main components as follows: Spindle bearings, ball screws, linear guides, clamping cylinders. The warranty expressly applies only to spare parts, not to downtime, labor, or travel time. The warranty expressly does not apply to parts other than those listed above, e.g., wear parts, electrical, electronic, hydraulic, etc.

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2001, functionality: fully functional, Traub CNC Lathe TNC65DGY, TX8H, 2001 • 2x 10-station turrets with VDI30 rotating tool drive Cedpfx Aewi Izhebbjgn • C-axis on main/counter spindle • Y-axis on turret 1 • Hainbuch BZI65 on main/counter spindle Hollow clamping cylinder • Chip conveyor, coolant tank • Spare parts list, circuit diagram, ATC optics Very good condition. Can be viewed under power. The machine's geometry has been checked and corrected/adjusted.

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2008, turning diameter 12,7 mm turning length 50 mm control Traub System TX 8i turning speeds 12000 U/min c-axis 0,001° gripping station 12,7 mm c-axis 0,001 ° speeds 12000 U/min rapid traverse 15 m/min turret (x-stations) 6 worktool system 5+3 worktool system 3 Werkzeugsysteme Cgjdpeygm R Iefx Abbsn total power requirement 2,5/4 kW weight of the machine ca. 2 t dimensions of the machine ca. 2,4 x 1,1 x 1,7 m CNC turning machine Traub TNL 12K with barloader LNS Tryton 112 Motor drive S8 (rear working with driven tools possible) Motor drive S7 (front working with driven tools possible)

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1996, spindle passage 80 mm max. turning diameter 395 mm Max. Turning length 750 mm control System TX 8H max. Spindle speed 3.150 U/min. CNC lathe | TRAUB - TNA 400 The machine is in a well-maintained condition. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - #Tags:TNA400 | TNA-400 Cgsdpfx Asxbtqvjbbjn

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1997, spindle passage 80 mm max. turning diameter 460 mm Max. Turning length 1.000 mm control System TX 8F max. Spindle speed 2.800 U/min. CNC lathe | TRAUB - TNA 500 The machine is in a well-maintained condition. The machine videos from the production plant will be shared on request. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - #Tags:TNA500 | TNA-500 Cgedpfx Absxbtpxsbjn

Condition: excellent (used), manufacturer: GRÜN SYSTEMTECHNIK WETZLER Csdpfx Aoyf H Dljbbsgn including case We offer an original ATC measuring microscope, originally taken from a TRAUB TNA turning center. The unit is designed for installation in the automatic tool changer and can be used on various CNC machines with a suitable toolholder interface (size comparable to TRAUB TNA400 Key Features & Benefits: • Universal application: Suitable for any CNC machine with compatible toolholder interface. • Fast tool setup: Enables direct measurement of cutting edges, tool lengths, and radii inside the machine. • Process reliability: Tool wear can be identified immediately and corrected without removing the tool. • Precise referencing: Useful for checking zero points, bores, and fixtures directly in the setup. • Time savings: Eliminates the need for external presetting devices and reduces downtime. • Compact & robust design: Easy to integrate and operate within the tool changer system. This ATC measuring microscope turns your CNC machine into a precise measuring station, helping you achieve higher accuracy, shorter setup times, and improved process reliability.