Used Vibration Testing System Shaker for sale (47,840)

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2024, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 20241202, total height: 860 mm, overall weight: 320 kg, total length: 1,170 mm, total width: 1,170 mm, type of input current: three-phase, tank capacity: 150 l, usable tank capacity: 100 l, input voltage: 400 V, workpiece width (max.): 170 mm, workpiece height (max.): 170 mm, outer diameter: 170 mm, workpiece length (max.): 170 mm, inner dimension width: 260 mm, power: 2.2 kW (2.99 HP), input frequency: 50 Hz, warranty duration: 12 months, load capacity: 60 kg, Equipment: rotational speed infinitely variable, The round vibrator Vibra-Line DK impresses with an open, curved container, which has a capacity of 150 liters. This model is equipped with an air-controlled automatic emptying system and a a sound-insulated lid, which ensures convenient and quiet operation. The U-shaped inner container has a 22 mm thick polyurethane (PU) coating, which ensures exceptional resistance to process wear. The capacity of 150 liters allows for approximately 50 to 100 liters of metal parts per load, depending on their shape and size. The wide drum and low discharge height make it much easier to unload the processed parts. The machine is controlled by a frequency converter with infinitely variable speed control, which is operated via a 5.5-inch touchscreen. Njdsviu Ehepfx Af Sewl Process times, languages and speeds can be adjusted quickly and easily. and speeds can be adjusted quickly and easily. The control system also controls two external connections, which can be used for process water and compound dosing. The Vibra-Line 150DK circular vibrator is supplied as a plug-and-play solution and only requires a 16 amp CEE plug, 4 bar compressed air and a water connection for commissioning. a water connection for commissioning. Our devices comply with the EC machine/device directives and are supplied with manufacturer's declaration of conformity and CE mark.

Condition: like new (used), Year of construction: 2014, operating hours: 100 h, functionality: fully functional, Almost unused professional 3D scanner. Nodpfx Ajz Ep I Aof Sjwl

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2013, operating hours: 3,525 h, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 801213, type of input current: three-phase, input voltage: 380 V, LAMINA CLG 1816 CRASH LOCK FOLDER GLUER 1, 3 OR 4 GLUE POINTS • NORDSON • COLD GLUE & HOT-MELT LAMINA CLG 1816 Crash Lock Folder Gluer available for sale. Manufactured in 2013, this machine is equipped with a professional NORDSON gluing system and can operate with 1, 3, or 4 glue points, providing excellent flexibility for different box constructions and packaging applications. The machine can work with both cold glue and hot-melt adhesive. MACHINE SPECIFICATIONS • Manufacturer: LAMINA System AB, Sweden • Model: CLG 1816 • Machine type: Crash Lock Folder Gluer • Year of manufacture: 2013 • Serial number: 801213 • Gluing system: NORDSON • Gluing configurations: 1, 3 or 4 glue points • Adhesive: Cold Glue and Hot-Melt • Operating hours: 3,525 hours • Total boxes glued: 1,595,966 • Automatic feeding • Automatic folding and gluing LOW USAGE Although the machine was manufactured in 2013, it was used in production for only approximately one year. The machine currently shows: 3,525 operating hours Njdpfxezyu Nqj Af Sewl 1,595,966 boxes glued This represents a relatively low level of use for an industrial folder gluer of this type.

Condition: excellent (used), For sale: Professional KEYENCE IM-7500 measuring system with IM-7020 head. The device is designed for fast and highly precise measurement of components in production and quality control. The equipment enables automatic measurement of multiple dimensions simultaneously using a camera. Ideal for CNC workshops, tool rooms, and industrial applications. Technical data Manufacturer: KEYENCE Model: IM-7500 Head: IM-7020 Type: Optical measuring system Country of origin: Japan Automatic measurement by camera High measurement accuracy Condition Used Fully functional Normal signs of use Included in the set Nwjdpfxjyvv Tro Af Ssl KEYENCE IM-7500 unit IM-7020 head Monitor Control unit Keyboard and mouse Wiring

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 1998, Ernst Schnabel - ALFA Centrifuge, Model Nwodpfx Ajy Uv Rhsf Sel -CE marking -Year of manufacture: 1998 -Drum volume: 27 liters -Drum diameter: 400 mm -Rotation direction: Clockwise -Permissible load: 25 kg Dimensions: L x H 0.7 x 1 meter / Weight: approx. 150 kg Errors and omissions excepted.

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 1990, functionality: fully functional, Internal article number: 26097 Vibratory finishing system Rösler R1100 / 1300 TS15 Year of manufacture: 1990 Last maintenance with service report from 02/2026 The system is fully functional and in good condition. The lining in the containers is also in good condition! Operating hours according to the maintenance report: approx. 28,766 hours (as of 02/2026) 2 vibratory finishing tubs Dimensions per tub: (L x W x H) approx. 130 x 120 x 100 cm Njdpfx Aoz Da Drof Sjwl Overall dimensions with enclosure: (L x W x H) approx. 700 x 200 x 200 cm + Arm with control unit The system is available for demonstration and will be offered with free loading onto a truck.

Year of construction: 2018, condition: used, This listing is for the Hamilton Microlab STARlet M The unit is in full working condition and ready for immediate use. Software is included A precision liquid handling system designed for automated pipetting and sample preparation. Known for accuracy and repeatability, it supports efficient lab workflows in research and analytical environments. Compact and user-friendly design. Transparency Report and Technical Audit: Nodpfxsy Ex Uqe Af Sjwl • Source Pedigree: Biotech / Research Facility • Condition: Direct-from-Bench (Decontaminated/Original) • Power-On Test: Verified; Digital display active, lighting operational, and fan system engaged. • Integrity: 100% Original Parts (Non-Refurbished) Software and Media Disclosure: As a Direct-from-Lab asset, any original software media or accessories found with the unit are included as a courtesy. Licensing Notice: We do not provide, transfer, or guarantee software licenses or keys. The buyer is responsible for all software licensing, registration, and workstation compatibility via the manufacturer. Notice for Procurement: This unit is sold As-Is. While we verify the power-on status and physical integrity, we do not perform analytical validation, fluidic testing, or operational calibration. Ideal for labs with in-house technical expertise or existing service agreements. Sustainability Impact: By choosing Direct Reuse, your facility avoids the carbon footprint of new manufacturing and prevents specialized materials from entering waste streams. Direct-to-Lab reuse is the most carbon-efficient way to equip a modern laboratory.

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2014, input voltage: 15 V, operating temperature: 50 °C, input current: 3 A, repeat accuracy: 0.02 mm, Brand: Hexagon Metrology (ROMER line), manufactured in Montoire, France. Model: ROMER Absolute Arm, Type RA-7525-4. Serial number: 7525-2336-FA. Date of manufacture: 09/04/2014 Nsdoz D An Hopfx Af Sowl Configuration: 6 axes, contact probe (does not include an integrated laser scanning head, only a ball probe). Measurement range (working volume): 2.5 m in diameter. Point repeatability: ±0.020 mm. Volumetric accuracy: ±0.029 mm. Approximate arm weight: ~8 kg. Operating temperature: 0 °C – 50 °C. Power supply: 15 V DC, 3.0 A. Mobility accessory: battery/pack "FP2 Mobility Pack" (Hexagon Metrology SAS, ID FP2-2423-FA, manufactured 10/29/2014), which allows the arm to operate wirelessly. Mounting: base with clamp/vise for table mounting, with the possibility of rotation. Probes (styli): 2 interchangeable units, serialized to this arm (7525-2336-FA) — one with a pink ruby ball and the other with a larger diameter steel ball — stored in a rigid Hexagon case with space for a third probe and replacement keys. Included computer equipment: HP ZBook laptop with metrology software loaded (in Spanish). Calibration: ENAC certificate no. 0328/2018, ENAC accreditation 116/LC10.083, calibration date 07/27/2018.

Condition: used, This listing is for Bio-Rad Trans-Blot Turbo 690BR Transfer System The unit is in full working condition and ready for immediate use The Trans-Blot Turbo is a rapid protein transfer system designed for transferring proteins from electrophoresis gels to membranes for Western blotting. It provides a compact, efficient solution for routine laboratory protein analysis Software and Media Disclosure: Njdpfoztpubsx Af Sswl As a Direct-from-Lab asset, any original software media or accessories found with the unit are included as a courtesy. Licensing Notice: We do not provide, transfer, or guarantee software licenses or keys. The buyer is responsible for all software licensing, registration, and workstation compatibility via the manufacturer. Notice for Procurement: This unit is sold As-Is. While we verify the power-on status and physical integrity, we do not perform analytical validation, fluidic testing, or operational calibration. Ideal for labs with in-house technical expertise or existing service agreements. Sustainability Impact: By choosing Direct Reuse, your facility avoids the carbon footprint of new manufacturing and prevents specialized materials from entering waste streams. Direct-to-Lab reuse is the most carbon-efficient way to equip a modern laboratory

Year of construction: 2022, condition: used, QIAGEN QIAcuity One 5plex Digital PCR System – 2022 – Tested / Operational For sale is a QIAGEN QIAcuity One 5plex digital PCR system, manufactured in 2022. The instrument powers on correctly, and the integrated QIAcuity Control Software is accessible. The system has been inspected using the built-in diagnostic interface. A Quick Test was completed successfully, and the system status screen shows the main instrument modules without any reported errors at the time of testing. The QIAcuity platform is designed for digital PCR applications, including absolute nucleic acid quantification, copy number variation, mutation detection, gene expression, and other molecular biology applications. System details: - Manufacturer: QIAGEN - Model: QIAcuity One 5plex - REF: 911020 - Serial number: 01808 - Year of manufacture: 2022 - Manufacturing date: November 21, 2022 Nwjdjz Ezuzopfx Af Sel - Configuration: 5plex - Power: 100–240 VAC, 50/60 Hz - Integrated touchscreen - Integrated QIAcuity Control Software - Product of Germany Testing / condition: - Unit powers on normally - Touchscreen operational - Control software loads correctly - Built-in Quick Test completed - System status checked - Main modules displayed without reported errors at the time of testing - Very good cosmetic condition The unit has not been assay-validated by us with QIAcuity Nanoplates/reagents, so it is sold based on the functional and diagnostic testing described above. Included: - QIAGEN QIAcuity One 5plex instrument - Installed integrated control system/software - Power cable Consumables, Nanoplates, and reagents are not included unless specifically agreed. Shipping: Worldwide insured shipping available. The instrument can be professionally packed for safe international transport. Additional photographs, serial number images, and diagnostic screenshots are available upon request.

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2014, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: S120598-5-10, STOPA Storage System – 66.15 m Length – 850 Pallet Positions – Year 2014 – Excellent Condition We are offering for sale a high-performance industrial pallet storage system by STOPA, serial number S120598-5-10. System specifications: - Total system length: 66.15 meters - Total pallet positions: 851 - Actual usable pallet positions: approx. 500 - Platform dimensions: 3000 x 1500 mm per level - Number of towers: 33 - Pallet slots per tower: 29 - Loading/unloading stations: 11 - Minimum required installation ceiling height: 9.4 m - Year of manufacture: 2014 - Condition: Very good – clean, maintained The system is currently disassembled and stored indoors at a warehouse in Piaseczno, Mazowieckie, Poland. Live demonstration is not possible, but the system was fully functional at the time of disassembly. Complete technical documentation is available. Loading and transport assistance can be provided. Reason for sale: change in warehouse layout concept. Nwsdpfxjw Eb N Dj Af Sel This is a premium solution for companies seeking to expand or modernize their pallet storage capacity with a reliable, high-capacity system. For further details, photographs, or to arrange an inspection, please contact us.

Condition: good (used), Machine type: Vibratory bowl feeder / Parts feeding systems Design: Bowl feeders and linear tracks Version: Multiple feeding systems available Conveying system: Vibratory bowl feeder with linear track Feeding unit material: Stainless steel / Metal construction Function: Automatic feeding and orientation of plastic parts Application area: Injection molding automation / Assembly systems / Packaging lines Buffering system: Bowl container for parts storage Integration: Component of automated production lines CE marking: Available Further information, technical specifications, and quantity upon request. Nwsdpeytqgmefx Af Sel

Condition: reconditioned (used), functionality: fully functional, Lamina System Semi automatic laminator SA 1416. In very good technical condition, after total renovation. Machine on power, can be tested. Max. sheet size: width: 1400 mm length: 1600 mm Min. sheet size: width: 200 mm length: 350 mm Top Sheet: 130 to 450 g/m2 1 pts = 28,25 g/m2 Bottom Sheet: From 250 g/m2 to 10 mm (0,39”) 1 pts = 28,25 g/m2 corrugated from 0,6 - 10 mm (0,016” - 0,39”) Automatic substrate feeder with continuous sheet feeding The machine is built on a rigid frame structure made of anodized aluminum profiles. Width (with platforms) - 2350 mm, length - 4600 mm. Nwedswz Ev Tjpfx Af Sjl

Condition: like new (used), Year of construction: 2025, operating hours: 2,025 h, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 25-168-T-402; 25-068-F-100-P, overall weight: 200 kg, Equipment: documentation/manual, A Soco System packaging line is offered, consisting of an F-100-P bottom flap folding machine and a T-402-5-2-9 carton sealing machine. Minimum carton width: 320 mm, maximum carton width: 520 mm, maximum carton length: 900 mm, machine dimensions X/Y: approx. 750 mm/1150 mm. Soco T-402 5-8-7 carton sealing machine, carton length range: 200 mm-750 mm, carton width range: 120 mm-460 mm, carton height range: 95 mm-470 mm, sealing capacity: 18/min, maximum tape roll diameter: 385 mm, weight: approx. 200 kg. Includes safety guard and powered conveyor belt, 500 mm wide. The system is in new condition, was put into operation in January 2026, and has only operated for approximately 75 days in a single-shift operation. Documentation is available. An on-site inspection is possible. Nwjdpfx Afozvp Uyo Sel

Condition: as good as new (ex-display), Year of construction: 2025, functionality: fully functional, Vibrations – vibratory finishing machine combined with a maize dryer Nodpfxoxz N Uqs Af Sowl

Condition: excellent (used), I am offering a professional BÜHNEN 6040 adhesive application unit, designed for industrial adhesive application (e.g. hot-melt). The device is used, in good technical condition, with normal signs of wear and tear. Reliable German-made equipment – ideal for manufacturing plants, packaging, carpentry, upholstery, etc. ⚙️ Technical data (from the nameplate / visible in the photos) Nwedpfx Aey Aagief Sol Power supply: 230V / 50 Hz Power: 235 W Max. pressure: up to 160 bar Max. temperature: up to 200°C Model: 6040 Manufacturer: BÜHNEN GmbH (Germany) 📦 Included in the set: ✔️ BÜHNEN 6040 glue application unit ✔️ 4 heated hoses (complete set) ✔️ Cables / connectors as shown in the photos ✔️ Control and connection elements 🔍 Technical condition: used device visually normal signs of use no visible mechanical damage interior of the tank visible in the photos sold exactly as pictured

Condition: excellent (used), Here, we offer an ETSYSTEM electronic load with GPIB interface. 32615A AC & DC Electronic Load GPIB/RS232, 300V, 108A, 10800VA Nsdpfxozd Uh Is Af Sswl The 3260A series is a 300V high-performance AC and DC load in a single unit, offering an ideal test solution for UPS, AVR, and DC/AC inverters, especially for devices under test with step or square wave forms. Each AC&DC load in the high-performance series features its own control and display panel and a 5-status recall/memory storage, enabling more efficient load setup. The adjustable power factor setting (PF, range: 1, 0.85 ~ -0.85) expands the simulation of the test environment. The integrated GO/NG measurement device test function provides a quick diagnosis of test results for production and QC test throughput. Features: Voltage, current, power, and VA variable display. CC, linear CC, CR, and crest factor mode. GPIB/RS232 interface and 5 status recall/memory storage. Power factor (PF) adjustable: 1, 0.85 ~ -0.85. Upper/lower threshold capability. Protection against V, I, W, and ℃. Dual 4 1/2-digit display for voltage, current, power, and VA. Suitable for sine, square, and step waves. Width 600 mm, Height 1506 mm, Depth 600 mm 196 kg Type: 32615A AC & DC Electronic Load Condition: used Scope of delivery: (See picture) (Changes and errors in the technical data, information are subject to change!) We will gladly answer any further questions you may have by phone.

Year of construction: 2005, condition: excellent (used), functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 04111010, We offer this very good Albo System AB AS1000 pile turner, year of construction 2005. Manufacturer: Albo System AB Model: AS1000 Nwedpfezu R Tnox Af Ssl Construction year: 2005 Condition: very good Category ID: 672 Type: Pile turner If you have any questions or need more information, feel free to send us a message or give us a call.

Condition: used, 2021 VetterTec 304L Stainless Steel Spray Drying & Flash Drying System Approximately 500 kg/hr evaporation rate with 316L stainless steel pressure nozzle atomizer Spray Chamber dimensions: 11'6" dia. x 28'8" high Cyclone dimensions: 4'3" dia. x 21' high Nwsdpfx Afjzunvao Sol Bag Filter dimensions: 9'8" dia. x 28' high Designed for combustible powder service Drawings available via Dropbox Link Additional Information: The primary dryer is a VetterTec 138-inch diameter pressure-nozzle spray dryer with dehumidified inlet air, cyclone recovery, pulse-jet baghouse, and exhaust fan. It is paired with a 12-inch flash dryer polishing system for finishing moisture removal and product conditioning. Spray Dryer approximate evaporation rate: 500 kg/hr Flash dryer water removal: approximately 75–150 kg/hr Dry solids handling: 150–500 kg/hr, depending on product density and moisture Chamber Diameter: Ø3505 mm (138 in) I/S Chamber Height: Cylindrical section ≈ 3968 mm (156 in), Cone section ≈ 2679 mm (105 in) Approximate vessel height: 6.6 m (21.8 ft) Chamber Volume ~47 m³ Chamber Height ~6.65 m Atomizer: Single pressure nozzle (316L stainless steel) Airflow Pattern: Co-current, 10,000–18,000 m³/hr Cyclone Diameter: 1295 mm (51 in) Cyclone Weight: 1200 kg Rotary Valve: 8 in Construction AISI 304L Sanitary Components: FDA silicone gaskets, tri-clamps Design Temp: 200°C Design Pressure: +0.3 barg Design Vacuum: -20 mbar Estimated Evaporation: 450–600 kg/hr Bag Filter: - Pulse-jet cleaning system - Solenoid manifold - Pulse header - Blow tubes - Explosion vent panel - Vibrator - Rotary valve discharge

Condition: excellent (used), EXTRACTION SYSTEM HUNKELER HKU 2000 (Compact Extraction Unit) Nwjdpfx Afsz A Dqye Ssl

Condition: excellent (used), overall weight: 277 kg, total width: 650 mm, total length: 1,940 mm, total height: 1,050 mm, input voltage: 220 V, Plockmatic Production Booklet Maker (PBM) 350, including the (SquareFold) BookFold Module and Trimmer Module. This booklet maker is in very good condition! The machine can be used offline, as shown in the photo, or connected to a machine from the Ricoh Pro 8100/8200, C7100/C7200, or C9100/C9200 series. Counter readings: PBM 350: 187,000 BookFold Module: 176,000 Trimmer Module: 207,000 Produces professionally finished booklets, both inline and offline, with stapling and folding. Capacity: up to 35 sheets of paper (80 g/m²) for folded booklets of approximately 140 pages. Supported paper sizes: width of approximately 206 mm to 320 mm, length up to approximately 457 mm. Suitable for A and B formats and various custom sizes. Are you looking for other options for this machine? We are flexible and can customize the machine to your requirements! This machine has been inspected and thoroughly tested by our own specialized technical service department. Nodpfxsz Atuqj Af Sewl Would you like more information? Please feel free to contact us. Worldwide shipping is possible.

Condition: excellent (used), Vötsch VTS 7027-10 Temperature Testing Chamber Manufacturer: Vötsch Industrietechnik GmbH Type: VTS 7027-10 Machine Type: Temperature Testing Chamber / Climatic Testing Chamber Test Chamber Volume: approx. 270 liters For sale is a used Vötsch VTS 7027-10 temperature testing chamber with programmable touch panel control. The system is suitable for professional temperature testing, environmental simulation, material testing, electronics and component testing, Nwsdpfxjz A A Ecs Af Ssl quality assurance, as well as development, aging, and stress tests. Technical Data: Temperature Range: -70 °C to +180 °C Temperature Change Rate (Heating): approx. 10 K/min Temperature Change Rate (Cooling): approx. 14.5 K/min Temperature Deviation (Time): ±0.3 to ±0.8 K Temperature Deviation (Spatial): ±0.5 to ±2 K Test Chamber Volume: approx. 270 liters Refrigerant: R404A / R23 Refrigerant Quantity: 8 kg / 2.1 kg Power Connection: 3/N/PE AC 400 V ±10% / 50 Hz Rated Power: 14 kW Rated Current: 26 A Cooling: Water-cooled design Cooling water supply and return lines available Dimensions: Internal Dimensions (W × D × H): approx. 580 × 620 × 750 mm External Dimensions (W × D × H): approx. 870 × 1,895 × 1,775 mm Equipment: Programmable touch panel control S!MCON/32-NET control, monitoring, and regulation system Interior made of stainless steel Large viewing window Test chamber lighting Side openings for test specimens Stainless steel shelves Adjustable temperature limiter Software temperature limiter RS232 interface Water-cooled refrigeration unit Transportation Data: Dimensions (W × D × H): approx. 870 × 1,895 × 1,775 mm Weight according to model documentation, without options: approx. 835 kg Transportation by forklift or similar lifting vehicle Condition: Used Optical condition according to the images. Scope of Supply: Vötsch VTS 7027-10 temperature testing chamber Touch panel control Stainless steel inserts as shown in the images Accessories as shown in the images Availability: upon agreement. Scope of supply as shown in the images. Subject to changes, errors and prior sale.

Condition: used, all stainless steel nett width 450 mm Nwedsz Az A Dopfx Af Sel length: 1.800 mm infeed height: 1.350 mm 400V, 50 Hz, 16A Grill opening: 2 mm dimensions (L x W x H) : ± 1.900 x 1.100 x 1.450 mm

Condition: excellent (used), Weiss WK3-340/70 Climate Test Chamber Manufacturer: Weiss Umwelttechnik GmbH Type: WK3-340/70 Machine Type: Climate Test Chamber / Temperature and Humidity Test Chamber Test Chamber Volume: approx. 335 liters For sale is a used Weiss WK3-340/70 climate test chamber with programmable touch panel control. The unit is suitable for temperature and humidity tests, environmental simulation, material testing, electronics and component testing, quality assurance, as well as development, aging, and stress tests. Technical Data: Temperature range: -72 °C to +180 °C Cooling rate: approx. 3 K/min Heating rate: approx. 3 K/min Climate range: +10 °C to +95 °C Humidity range: 10 to 98 % RH Dew point range: -3 °C to +94 °C Test chamber volume: approx. 335 liters Refrigerant: R404A / R23 Refrigerant quantity: 2.5 kg / 0.55 kg Power connection: 3/N/PE AC 400 V ±10 % / 50 Hz Rated power: 5.5 kW Rated current: 16 A Dimensions: Nodpfx Afez A A T Hj Sswl Internal dimensions (H × W × D): approx. 750 × 580 × 765 mm External dimensions (H × W × D): approx. 1,775 × 870 × 1,600 mm Equipment: Programmable touch panel control Temperature and humidity control Air-cooled design Stainless steel interior Large viewing window Test chamber lighting Specimen port on the right, NW 125 mm Specimen port on the left, NW 85 mm Stainless steel inserts Adjustable feet Program and manual operation Shipping Information: Dimensions (H × W × D): approx. 1,775 × 870 × 1,600 mm Weight: approx. 585 kg Shipping via freight forwarder possible Condition: Used Optical condition as shown in the pictures. Scope of delivery: Weiss WK3-340/70 climate test chamber Touch panel control Stainless steel inserts as shown in the pictures Accessories as shown in the pictures Availability: by arrangement. Scope of delivery as shown in the pictures. Subject to changes, errors and prior sale.

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2004, Dust extraction system Manufacturer: Cefla Type: TN3500/TT Year of manufacture: 2004 Njdez A S Ndepfx Af Sewl Technical data Dust extraction hood with ionization and rotating fan Length: 3500 mm Usable width: 1300 mm Overall width: 1579 mm Working height: 860 - 940 mm Note: The technical data and descriptions are copies of the original order confirmation. The information is provided for informational purposes only and is not binding.