Used Shaper Sliding Table for sale (41,755)

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2001, sliding table length: 3000 mm cutting width at the fence: 1300 mm cutting width at the cross cut: 3200 mm cutting depth: 145 mm scoring unit: Ja height adjustment sawblade: elektrisch tilting adjustment sawblade: elektrisch adjustment fence: elektrisch adjustment crosscut fence: manuell read out tilting: Digitalanzeige read out sawblade height: Digitalanzeige read out crosscut: digital Anzeige Ablänglineal: Scala sawblade diameter: 450mm speeds: 4 motorpower: 5,5kW suction connection: 80 und 120mm machine length: 3600mm machine width: 2200mm Dcedsx Edlxjpfx Ab Tjr weight: 1200 kg

Condition: new, CATALOGUE NUMBER RE022 – new machine, in stock – DTR + CE documentation – cutting width at the guide 1300mm – main engine 6kW TECHNICAL DATA - saw blade tilt 0-46˚ - main engine power 6kW - cutting length on the carriage 3000mm - main spindle speed 3500/4500rpm - spindle diameter 30mm - main blade diameter 300-400mm - max. scoring diameter 125mm - scoring engine power 0.75kW - scoring speed 8500rpm - spindle diameter 20mm - cutting width at the guide (standard 1050mm, option 1300mm) 1300mm - sawing width using bumpers on the auxiliary table 215-3200mm - cutting height for 300mm 90°/45° 90/60mm - cutting height for 350mm 90°/45° 5-115 / 3.5-80mm - cutting height for 400mm 90°/45° 25-140 / 15.5-95mm - diameter of the exhaust port 80mm, 125mm - dimensions length/width/height 3300/3460/1500mm Dcodpfxed Sg Hxo Ab Tjr - weight 750kg Optional equipment: - angle ruler - with aluminum strip - additional support table - additional start/stop in the formatting table - electronic cutting width reader on the longitudinal ruler - electronic cutting width reader on the auxiliary table - formatting table 3200mm, 3900mm, 2500mm Net price: PLN 41,550 Net price: EUR 9,890 Net price calculated according to the exchange rate of PLN 4.20/EUR (with larger exchange rate fluctuations, the price may change) The prices given are net prices. Net price given for international transactions, customers from the EU with an EU tax identification number.

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1978, What are Presale Items at Second Owner? Presale items are machines that we sell in their current condition ("as-is"). We have purchased these machines based solely on photos and sell them with the information provided in the advertisement. Unfortunately, we do not have additional details, such as exact dimensions or machine specifications. Additionally, these machines are often not yet in stock and have not been inspected by us. These machines are offered at competitive prices, which means the prices are lower than usual, but the risk lies entirely with the buyer. Please carefully review the information in the advertisement before making a purchase. Dcsdpex Arcmsfx Ab Tor If you have any questions, feel free to contact us! - Year: 1978 - Documentation available: No - CE certificate present: No - Serial number: 78-11-11 - Spindle speed: - └ Max. spindle speed [rpm]: 4000 Financial information VAT: The price shown is exclusive of VAT VAT/margin: VAT deductible for entrepreneurs Delivery and trade-in always possible for everything in the industrial sectors Yorick Diebels

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2018, Brand: Rema Model: FX 550 Machine no: 026 Year of manufacture: 2018 Siemens touch screen Controls saw blade up/down/tilt, cutting fence Digital gauge on length stop Technical data Sliding table length 3900 mm Saw length 3900 mm cutting width 1400 mm Dcodpfx Aswdtzisb Tjr Cutting height with 550 blade 90 degrees 120-20 0mm, 45 degrees 85-140 mm Motor 6 kW Scoring unit motor 0,75 kW Power 400 volt, 50 Hz, 3 phase Stock no: 2002350BXA

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2001, machine/vehicle number: AE/21582, Operating voltage: 400 V/50 Hz Rated current: 44 A Weight: 4800 kg Year of manufacture: 2001 Panel cutting saw from SCM manufacturer, made for industrial applications Robust design for high productivity and precision Dcodpjt Dva Sofx Ab Tsr Cutting height/saw top allowance: 115 mm Max panel width: 3200 mm Panel max length: 3200 mm Number of grippers: currently 6 Loading: front

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2025, The new F 45 is a masterpiece of technology and design. The comprehensively redesigned machine frame combines absolutely unprecedented torsion resistance with extremely low levels of vibration, while the smooth front and clear foot space on the floor enable you to operate closer to the machine and the workpiece. The famously smooth running sliding table, which has received a number of design tweaks, remains the undisputed benchmark for precision cutting and minimal maintenance. The crisp new industrial design underlines the distinctive quality of the Altendorf brand: It is an approach that brings together distinctive design and timeless aesthetics – recognised with the iF design award 2016. Altendorf’s new generation is unique in that we now have just the one model: the F 45. But this one model comes with a choice of three completely new control unit designs, each of which enables you to control up to four axes from the centrally positioned eye-level control panel. The only decision that remains for you to make is this: Which control unit shall it be? Machine equipment: - F 45 ProDrive in basic specification - Max. diameter of the disc 450 mm - 5,5 kW (7.5 HP), three speeds (3/4/5,000 rpm) - Two-axis scorer unit for one-way tilt - Sliding table, table length 3200 mm - Crosscut-mitre fence, stops to 3200 mm - CNC rip fence, cutting width 1300 mm - Duplex 1350 mm Dcedjd Hz Etepfx Ab Tsr

Condition: good (used), Robland NZ3800 format saw with a trolley Scorer on a separate engine, 380cm trolley length 0-45 tilt electrically adjustable with readout Dcodpfxsvyixws Ab Ter up-down saw electrically adjustable culaga on the right side motorically adjustable, i.e. we enter the dimension and it is set, max 1520mm 5.5KW main engine 3 cutting speeds A branded machine, technically fully functional, will still fulfill its functions well

Condition: excellent (used), Catalogue number: 7791 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS - max diameter of main blade with scorer: 350mm - max cutting height: 105mm - main blade adjustable up/down + tilt - spindle diameter: 30mm - spindle lock - with sliding table - cutting length on the sliding table: 1430mm - cutting width at rip fence: 1000mm - with side table - with scorer - max scorer diameter: 80mm - scorer spindle diameter: 20mm - main motor: 5.5kW - extraction port diameter: 100mm - table dimension: 115x625mm - table size with extension and widening: 2150x1105mm - blade guard - 3 blade speeds: 3200/4500/6000rpm - dimensions (L/W/H): 2300x3350x1520mm - weight: 746kg Net price: 11,900 PLN Net price: 2,830 EUR (based on exchange rate 4.2 EUR) Dedpfx Absxpvk Io Tocr (Prices may vary due to significant exchange rate fluctuations)

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1996, total length: 3,900 mm, total width: 2,100 mm, total height: 1,520 mm, - Year: 1996 - Documentation available: No - CE marking present: Yes - CE certificate present: No - Serial number: V233567 - Roller table length [mm]: 3200 - Table width [mm]: 1300 - Min. saw blade diameter [mm]: 200 Dedpoxdlx Rsfx Ab Tecr - Max. saw blade diameter [mm]: 450 - Arbor saw blade diameter [mm]: 30 - Dust extraction nozzle diameter [mm]: 120 - Controlled axes: Tiltable - Manually adjustable axes: Cutting height - Options: Scoring unit - └ Pre-cutter saw blade diameter [mm]: 120 - └ Arbor pre-cutter saw blade diameter [mm]: 22 - Spindle speed: - └ Min. spindle speed [rpm]: 2800 - └ Max. spindle speed [rpm]: 5500 - └ Spindle speed control: Incremental - Voltage [V]: 400 - Current consumption [A]: 13 - Fuse [A]: 16 - Transport dimensions: 3900mm x 2100mm x 1520mm (l x w x h) - Transport packages [pcs.]: 1 Financial information VAT: The price shown is exclusive of VAT VAT/margin: VAT deductible for entrepreneurs Delivery and trade-in always possible for everything in the industrial sectors Yorick Diebels

Condition: good (used), Code: 0247 Brand: SCM Model: L'INVINCIBILE SI 6000 - CE Standard Automatic panel saw with TOUCH SCREEN VANGUARD electronic control and tilting blade with scoring unit for precise cutting of panels, furniture, custom-made furnishings, kitchens, window frames, doors, plastics, composite materials, and various - CE Standard Djdoxz Ekbopfx Ab Tocr Sturdy structure to ensure maximum working precision Cast iron worktop with extension top Patented SCM sliding carriage in extruded aluminum with large section, rigid and with closed lattice structure for maximum resistance even with heavy loads Parallel guide with precision at 25 m/min Automatic adjustment of scoring unit 2 digital displays on the square guide VANGUARD TOUCH SCREEN control - Manual, semi-automatic, and automatic modes - Operator assistance system - 12-inch color video and Touch Screen function Full Support frame tiltable from + 50° to - 50° for angled cuts with panels of any size Overhead control panel Start/stop buttons integrated into the carriage Technical data: Carriage length 3200 mm Extendable fence for square cuts up to 3200 mm Cutting width with parallel fence 1500 mm Blade diameter 400 mm F30 Scoring blade diameter 120 mm F20 Max cutting height at 90° 130 mm Max cutting height at 45° 92 mm Blade motor power 7,5 Hp Scoring blade motor power 0,75 hp Suction port diameter mm 120/100 Overall dimensions of assembled machine mm 3400 x 4300 x 1720 h Overall dimensions for transport mm 3400 x 2350 x 1720 h Weight kg 1380

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 1993, operating hours: 7,120 h, functionality: fully functional, cutting length (max.): 4,500 mm, cutting width (max.): 4,500 mm, cutting width at rip fence: 3,200 mm, cutting height (max.): 100 mm, cutting height with scoring (max.): 100 mm, saw blade diameter: 400 mm, main saw diameter: 400 mm, overall weight: 3,000 kg, Equipment: scorer, A well-preserved machine with few working hours. It has been operated by a private customer since new. Dcjdpjvvhfhjfx Ab Tsr

Condition: excellent (used), Blade angle adjustment up to 45 degrees Maximum blade diameter 400 mm Sliding table 420x3200 mm, anodised Scoring unit 3 cutting speeds: 3000/4000/5000 rpm Cross table 1520x2050 mm with cross fence Manual height and tilt adjustment of the blade Weight 750 kg Dodpfx Absx Ap U Ho Tscr Year of manufacture: 2000

Condition: excellent (used), Felder kappa 400 format sliding table saw, format 4 Sliding table 320 cm, Blade tilt and height electrically adjustable Rip fence on the right, manually adjustable up to 1250 mm, Scoring saw 1.1 kW, Main motor 7.3 kW, 3 cutting speeds Max blade diameter 400 mm Scoring blade 120 mm, bore 20 mm Djdpfxex Arv Ho Ab Tscr Used machine, in very good condition.

Condition: excellent (used), CATALOG NUMBER 7394 TECHNICAL DATA - max main blade diameter: 380mm Dcedjurkgpjpfx Ab Tsr - max cutting height: 110mm - main blade height adjustable up/down - spindle diameter: 30mm - spindle lock - with sliding table - cutting length on sliding table: 2560mm - cutting width at rip fence: 810mm - with side table - main motor: 5.5kW - table dimensions: 1250x730mm - blade guard included - overall dimensions (L/W/H): 2580x2570x1050mm - weight: 780kg ADVANTAGES – German-made – Used saw, very good condition Net price: 7900 PLN Net price: 1880 EUR (based on 4.2 EUR rate) (Prices may change with significant currency fluctuations)

Condition: used, total length: 2,700 mm, total width: 2,220 mm, total height: 1,500 mm, Weight: 900 kg - Documentation available: No - CE certificate present: No - Serial number: V024400 - Main motor power [kW]: 5.5 - Roller table length [mm]: 2500 - Table width [mm]: 1940 - Max. saw blade diameter [mm]: 350 - Dust extraction nozzle diameter [mm]: 140 - Options: Scoring unit - Schuinstelbare zaagaggregaat: Dedpfxswnh S Do Ab Tscr - └ Max. adjustable [°]: 45 - Transport dimensions: 2700mm x 2220mm x 1500mm (l x w x h) - Transport weight [kg]: 900kg - Transport packages [pcs.]: 1 Financial information VAT: The price shown is exclusive of VAT VAT/margin: VAT deductible for entrepreneurs Delivery and trade-in always possible for everything in the industrial sectors Yorick Diebels

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2025, Cut-size circular saw with tiltable saw blade and high-quality sliding table made of anodized aluminum Cutting plane of the small-format circular saw directly on the roller table Precision-guided sliding carriage made of anodized aluminum, standard finish Large table arm guided on telescopic arm and longitudinally adjustable The standard table widening and table extension allow easy working with larger workpieces. The large dimensioned sawing unit made of grey cast iron is double mounted on the cast iron table and guarantees stability, precision, smooth running and a long service life. Large work table made of ground grey cast iron, therefore extremely robust and insensitive smooth running and precise cuts Aluminium sliding carriage With millionfold proven ball contact system Insensitive to dust and dirt due to minimal contact point between ball and trapezoidal rail 10 years HOLZKRAFT warranty on wear of hardened guideways Telescopic stop Extendable aluminium telescopic stop Angle adjustable With two professional folding fences Rip fence Standard with fine adjustment and quick clamping Scope of delivery: Table extension Table extension Dedpfxjcnxamj Ab Tscr Anodized aluminium sliding carriage Rip fence with round bar guide and fine adjustment Model SC 2 classic Article no. 5504215 Technical data table dimensions 1020 x 325 mm table height 900 mm working length 1660 mm Cutting height max. 90° with scoring 100

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2018, 5.5 kW main motor, frequency converter (2000-6000 rpm), motorized 2-axis scoring unit with its own drive. Motorized height adjustment in 0.1 mm increments. Motorized angle adjustment in 0.1° increments with digital display. 1090 x 630 mm miter gauge. Narrow and wide extraction hoods with quick-change function. Clamping shoe, sliding block, and manual quick-release clamp. Sliding carriage length 2150 mm (cutting length 2170 mm) - Quick-Scoring equipment packages - Scoring unit adjustable without tools from 2.8 to 3.6 mm - Miter gauge +45° - 45° - On/off switch on the sliding carriage. Storage location: Nattheim Dsdpfxjvvkm Uo Ab Tecr

Condition: excellent (used), CATALOG NUMBER 7644 Technical Data: - Max main blade diameter with scoring unit: 350 mm - Max main blade diameter without scoring unit: 450 mm - Cutting height with mounted blade: 100 mm - Main blade adjustable hydraulically: up/down + angle - Electric angle display - Electric height and lateral adjustment of scoring unit - Spindle diameter: 30 mm - Spindle locking - With sliding table - Cutting length on sliding table: 2800 mm - Cutting width at fence: 1440 mm - With side carriage - With scoring unit - Max diameter of scoring blade: 120 mm - Scoring unit spindle diameter: 22 mm - Scoring unit motor: 0.75 kW - Main motor: 5.5 kW - 4 spindle rotation speeds Dedpfx Abewgdh Sj Tscr - Electronic speed display - Extraction port diameters: 120 mm, 80 mm - Table dimensions: 1220 x 730 mm - Table dimensions with extension: 1230 mm - Table dimensions with extension: 2070 mm - Saw blade guard - Dimensions (L/W/H): 2940 x 3400 x 1420 mm - Weight: 1100 kg ADVANTAGES – German-made – With scoring unit – Not repainted – Used saw, in very good condition Net price: 29,900 PLN Net price: 7,120 EUR Net price calculated at an exchange rate of 4.2 PLN/EUR (In case of significant exchange rate changes, the price may change)

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2004, total length: 3,600 mm, total width: 1,800 mm, total height: 1,750 mm, Weight: 970 kg Price: On request - Year: 2004 - Documentation available: No - CE certificate present: No - Serial number: AB/166667 - Roller table length [mm]: 3200 - Table width [mm]: 1040 - Min. saw blade diameter [mm]: 300 - Max. saw blade diameter [mm]: 400 - Manually adjustable axes: Scoring unit height - Options: Scoring unit - └ Spindle speed pre-cutter [rpm]: 8500 - Spindle speed: - └ Min. spindle speed [rpm]: 3000 - └ Max. spindle speed [rpm]: 5000 Dsdpjxdlxkofx Ab Tjcr - Voltage [V]: 400 - Current consumption [A]: 18 - Transport dimensions: 3600mm x 1800mm x 1750mm (l x w x h) - Transport weight [kg]: 970kg - Transport packages [pcs.]: 1 Financial information VAT: The price shown is exclusive of VAT VAT/margin: VAT deductible for entrepreneurs Delivery and trade-in always possible for everything in the industrial sectors Yorick Diebels

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2025, Martin panel saw T 66 Cutting height: 155 mm Saw blade diameter: 450 mm Swivelling: one-sided Drive power: 5.5 KW Edging table length: 3.0 m Cutting width: 1350 mm Parallel stop via handwheel Standard cross table for length stop for angle cuts Length stop analogue with continuous system Table extension at the rear T66 T6615/2-a Drive power 5.5 KW T6630/3-a Edge table length 3.0 m T 6635/3-a Cutting width 1350 mm T 6641-a Parallel stop moved via handwheel T6660/1-a Standard cross table for angle cuts T 6670-a Length stop analogue T 6680/1-a Table extension at the rear Location: from stock 54634 Bitburg - available immediately - Some of the pictures show options that are not included in the offer. Dedjv Erkaopfx Ab Tjcr

Condition: new, Catalog number: H0561 – new machine, in stock – CE certificate – Austrian production – professional – trolley on steel bars TECHNICAL DATA engine power S1 5500W (/750) voltage 400V / 50Hz Dcodpfxovwlfbs Ab Tjr table height 890mm extraction connector 100mm sliding table 3200x435mm extension table 1200x550mm max. cutting width with gauge 1300mm disc diameter 250-400mm (30) scoring blade diameter 120 x 20 x 3.2-4.2/2.2 mm rotational speed I: 3000; II: 4000; III: 5000 rpm Rotation speed of the scoring saw 8000 rpm Motor power of the scoring saw 750 W Blade tilt 0-45 ° Acoustic power level 90 dB (A) Acoustic pressure level 88.2 dB (A) Overall dimensions of the machine when unfolded L / W / H 3350 x 3600 x 900 mm Shipping dimensions 1350 x 2200 x 1170 mm Net/gross weight 930 / 1110 kg Features: - solid construction - with a large aluminum sliding table and boom, ideal for machining large elements and cutting large, heavy boards to size - cast iron work table (1100 x 700 mm) with table extension (900 x 830 mm) and table extension (610 x 600 mm) with solid steel construction – extension table (1200 x 550 mm) + cutting fence (1950 – 3300 mm) – scoring saw with separate motor – manually adjustable main saw blade angle 0°-45° (using angle indicator) – electric height adjustment of main saw blade and scoring saw Scope of delivery: LEUCO TCT main blade (Ø300 x 30 x 3.2 mm T72) LEUCO scoring saw blade (Ø120 x 20 x 3-3.8 T=2*12ES) Pressure beam – option Net price: PLN 24,300 Net price: EUR 5,750 depending on price EUR 4.20 (Prices may vary with higher fluctuations)

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1977, total length: 2,650 mm, total width: 1,950 mm, total height: 1,600 mm, - Year: 1977 - Documentation available: No - CE certificate present: No - Serial number: 5439 - Roller table length [mm]: 2630 - Table width [mm]: 1190 Dcjdpfxextbbts Ab Tor - Min. saw blade diameter [mm]: 2500 - Max. saw blade diameter [mm]: 400 - Arbor saw blade diameter [mm]: 27 - Dust extraction nozzle diameter [mm]: 110 - Options: Scoring unit - Transport dimensions: 2650mm x 1950mm x 1600mm (l x w x h) - Transport packages [pcs.]: 1 Financial information VAT: The price shown is exclusive of VAT VAT/margin: VAT deductible for entrepreneurs Delivery and trade-in always possible for everything in the industrial sectors Yorick Diebels

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2022, Casadei Panel Saw Xenia 40, Year 2022 Robust steel and cast-iron construction ensures precision, smooth running, and durability Smooth-operating, precise sliding table made of anodized aluminum with a proven and long-lasting ball-contact system on hardened guides – 10-year warranty on wear of the carbide guide rails Six-year HOLZKRAFT warranty on wear of the tilting segments of the saw unit Cast-iron saw table Large support surfaces thanks to standard table extension and table widening Fold-down rip fence, manually adjustable with fine adjustment Angle-adjustable crosscut fence, extendable up to 3200 mm, with two flip stops Outrigger with material support roller TECHNICAL DATA Dimensions and Weights Weight (net) approx. 661 kg Extraction Connection Extraction port diameter: 120 mm Extraction port diameter (saw blade guard): 80 mm Setup Information Transport width: 1,150 mm Electrical Data Connection voltage: 400 V Mains frequency: 50 Hz Scoring motor power: 0.9 kW Output power (motor): 7.0 kW Duty cycle drive motor: S6 Duty cycle duration drive motor: 40% Sliding Table and Table Crosscut frame length: 3,200 mm Saw Unit Cutting width with rip fence: 1,270 mm Max. crosscut width to the left of the saw blade: 3,200 mm Saw blade tilt: 90 - 45° Max. cutting height at 90°: 140 mm Dcedoxac R Aspfx Ab Ter Max. cutting height at 45°: 99 mm Saw blade diameter: 400 mm Saw blade speed: 3,700 rpm Scoring Unit Scoring blade diameter: 120 mm Scoring blade speed: 8,500 rpm FEATURES Equipment Scoring unit Anodised aluminum sliding table Handle for sliding table Material roller on crosscut frame Saw rip fence with round bar guide Stops: professional flip stops Table widening Table extension Saw blade pendulum guard Location: ex stock 54634 Bitburg - Immediately available -

Condition: new, CATALOG NUMBER RE036 2 axes – electrically controlled lifting and tilting of the main saw blade with electronic height and angle readout, control panel integrated into the machine body – Brand new machine, in stock – Documentation: DTR + CE – Cutting width at the rip fence: 1300 mm – Main motor power: 6 kW TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS - Saw blade tilting range: 0–46˚ - Main motor power: 6 kW - Cutting length on sliding table: 3000 mm - Main spindle speed: 3500/4500 rpm - Main spindle diameter: 30 mm - Main blade diameter: 300–400 mm - Max scoring blade diameter: 125 mm - Scoring motor power: 0.75 kW - Scoring unit speed: 8500 rpm - Scoring spindle diameter: 20 mm - Cutting width at rip fence (standard 1050 mm): 1300 mm - Cutting width using stops on auxiliary table: 215–3200 mm - Cutting height for 300 mm blade at 90°/45°: 90/60 mm - Cutting height for 350 mm blade at 90°/45°: 5–115 / 3.5–80 mm - Cutting height for 400 mm blade at 90°/45°: 25–140 / 15.5–95 mm - Extraction port diameter: 80 mm, 125 mm - Dimensions (L/W/H): 3300/3460/1500 mm - Weight: 750 kg Optional equipment: – Angle guide with aluminum rail – Additional support table – Additional start/stop button on sliding table – Electronic digital cutting width readout on longitudinal fence – Electronic digital cutting width readout on auxiliary table Dcedpevvif Nefx Ab Tor Net price: 49,900 PLN Net price: 11,880 EUR (depending on the exchange rate, here calculated at 4.2 EUR) (Prices may change with significant exchange rate fluctuations)

Condition: excellent (used), Catalogue number 7789 TECHNICAL DATA - Maximum diameter of main blade without scoring unit: 400mm - Maximum diameter of blade with scoring unit: 350mm - Maximum cutting height for 400mm blade: 110mm - Main blade adjustable up/down and angled - Large blade guard Djdpfsxpvmpex Ab Tjcr - Spindle diameter: 30mm - Brake - With sliding table - Cutting length on sliding table: 3000mm - Cutting width at rip fence: 1420mm - With side table - Fence on side table adjustable at an angle - With scoring unit - Maximum diameter of scoring blade: 120mm - Spindle diameter for scorer: 20mm - Scoring unit motor: 0.75kW - Main motor: 5.5kW - 3 rotation speeds - Table dimensions: 1330x800mm; with extensions/enlargement: 2200x1500mm - Extraction outlet diameter: 100, 135mm - Machine dimensions (L/W/H): 3120x3560x1480mm - Weight: 1050kg Net price: 12,900 PLN Net price: 3,070 EUR (based on exchange rate 4.2 EUR) (Prices may change with significant currency fluctuations)