Used Doubel Cluom Milling for sale (9,780)

Condition: ready for operation (used), Fanuc 6-assige robotfreescentrum voor aluminium en staal X-beweging van de robot: 10.500 mm Verlengd bereik van de robotarm (links en rechts): 3045 mm maximale werkstuklengte indien het een profiel betreft: 15 meter max. werkstukgrootte zonder verlengde armbereik: 10.500 x 3045 mm max. werkstukhoogte: 3500 mm 13-positie gereedschapswisselaar: - 12 elektrische gereedschappen - 1 meetsonde Freeskop: -SK40 - 10 kW op spindel 12.000 tpm / 15.000 tpm - 7,5 kW op spindel / 18 000 tpm - 4 kW op spindel / 24.000 tpm - automatische smering Er zijn veel configuraties mogelijk, afhankelijk van het type werkstuk. Momenteel zijn er twee aparte werkgebieden, maar u kunt dit wijzigen naar één werkgebied (voor een groot werkstuk) of het opsplitsen in meerdere aparte werkgebieden voor kleinere werkstukken. Psdpfx Aev Sfk Hsdnjgw

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2002, operating hours: 1 h, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 13347, Brand new showroomodel: Technical specifications: · Automatic feeds and rapid traverses adjustable by DC motor and PLC control · Hardened and ground main spindle gears · Hardened and ground slideways with central automatic lubrication · Automatic gearbox lubrication, main spindle equipped with electric brake · All controls on one side of the machine · Hardened and ground ball screw spindles for precise movement · Automatic hydraulically operated tool release and automatic clamping · for longitudinal, transverse, and vertical movement · Clamping surface (hor) fixed angle table 800x400 mm · 7 T-slots 14mm, 50mm center-to-center · Max. workpiece weight 400 kg · Mounting surface (vert) base slide 1000x260 mm · 5 T-slots 14mm, 50mm center-to-center 50 mm Longitudinal travel of base slide/automatic 500 mm Cross travel of main spindle slide/automatic 350 mm Vertical travel of base slide/automatic 400 mm Clamping surface (hor) universal tilting rotary table 700x400 mm Hor. rotation of universal table 360° Tilt left-right universal table 30° Tilt front-back universal table 30° Number of automatic feeds: infinitely variable Automatic longitudinal and cross feed range: 10-1000 mm/min Automatic vertical feed range: 10-1000 mm Rapid traverse, longitudinal and cross travel: 1500 mm/min Rapid traverse, vertical travel: 1500 mm/min Speed range: vert./hor. Spindle 50-2500 rpm Number of speeds: 18 Main spindle motor power: 4 kW Feed motor power: 2.2 kW Hydraulic motor: 0.8 kW Pgsdjxxkn Hepfx Adnew Lubricator motor: 0.04 kW Cooling pump: 0.04 kW Power supply: 380 V 3 Ph 50 Hz Machine dimensions: 1020 x 1640 x 1710 mm Machine weight: 2600 kg · Universal 2-sided tilting swivel table · Fixed angle table · 3-axis digital readout: Yeef GSW3 · Cooling system · 24 V work light · Vertical head with quill and spindle feed

Condition: excellent (used), Professional TITE-LOCK MILLING CHUCK with SK40 – CT20A mounting – 90 mm. The high-quality quick-clamping TITE-LOCK system ensures exceptional clamping force and working precision, ideal for milling, drilling, and precision machining. . Type: TITE-LOCK MILLING CHUCK . Mounting: SK40 – CT20A . Length: 90 mm . Applications: milling, drilling, CNC machining . Condition: used, fully operational, very good technical condition ✅ Robust and precise industrial tool for professional use on milling machines and machining centers. Excellent rigidity and high tool holding force. Pgjdjxk T H Aspfx Adnow

Year of construction: 2001, condition: excellent (used), JAROMA DFOA II MILLING MACHINES Producer JAROMA Machine model / type DFOA II Year of production 2001 Category of machines. MILLING MACHINES Location Gorzów Wlkp. Conditions of delivery PERSONAL COLLECTION Cost of delivery Customer cover Startup type to be agreed Description Pedpfx Aoh S Uhfjdnjgw Remarks JAROMA DFOA edge milling machine In stock - Polish production - Year of production 2001 - unpainted The DFOA-II milling machine is designed to mill the excess veneer to the thickness of the rectilinear or curvilinear element. The veneered side must be perpendicular to the surface, it can also be at an angle of 0-45o or rounded with a radius of R 15-20.

Year of construction: 2004, condition: used, Ottevanger C5 Containerized Feed mill Pedpjq Hr Rzefx Adnogw Automated grinding-mixing line with a capacity of about 5 t/h. Includes the following components, among others. - 55kW Hammer mill 650-375 - 11kW 1000L Mixer PM1000 - Silos - Bucket weigher - Dosing screws - Elevators - bunkers - Switchgear cabinets

Year of construction: 2023, condition: new, machine/vehicle number: 001, The Stainless Steel Molasses Mixer is an advanced machine designed for homogeneous mixing of raw materials with liquids such as molasses and steam. With its two shafts and high-quality stainless steel construction, this machine offers durability and efficiency in one. The strength of this molasses mixer lies in its ability to deliver a continuous mixing process with an impressive capacity of 60 tons per hour. This makes it ideal for industrial applications where consistent and even mixing of materials is crucial to the production process. The machine's stainless steel construction ensures not only durability but also hygiene, making it suitable for applications in the food industry and other sectors where strict standards apply to materials in contact with products. Whether in the production of animal feed, chemical mixtures or other industrial processes, the stainless steel molasses mixer guarantees reliability and consistency in the mixing process, making it a valuable asset for modern production environments. Pgsdpfx Asrk Ipnjdnow Power:2 x 22 kW Speed:1500 rpm 2. volume: 600 liters 3. capacity:60 Tons/Hour 4. weight: 2500 kg

Year of construction: 1977, condition: used, Technical details attached. Rotary table 4500x4500 , travel 4000mm, max load 100 ton. Floor plates 6 pcs. 2000x4000 It was retroffited with CNC Siemens 840D More pictures and details on request. Video with the machine working is available on request. Pgodpecfkn Uofx Adnjw

Year of construction: 1980, condition: used, MITSUBISHI MAF 210/150A CNC HORIZONTAL BORING MILL MITSUBISHI MAF210/150A, YOM 1980 . MAIN TECHNICAL DATA: Boring Spindle ..... 150 mm Milling Spindle ..... 210 mm Pjdpfjca Hr Nsx Adnogw Vertical Head Travel, Y-Axis ..... 3480 mm Column Travel, X-Axis ..... 14000 mm Ram Travel, Z-1 Axis ..... 700 mm Boring Spindle Travel, Z-Axis ..... 900 mm Spindle Speeds,4-Ranges ..... 4-800 RPM Rotary table 1600x2100mm Tailstock Many accesories (milling heads, chuck...) MORE PICTURES AND MOVIES ON REQUEST

Year of construction: 2014, condition: used, SHIBAURA BSF 34-23 CNC Siemens 840DSL x=13000 mm y=5000 mm z=3200 mm Rotary table 5000x4500mm, max load =60 to It was completlly retroffited with CNC SIEMENS 840 DSL. Video with the machine working is available on request. Complete documentation is available. More details on request. It can be inspected under power anytime. Pgedpfx Ascr Rkdednsw

Condition: used, TITAN AFP 200 CNC Siemens 840D Spindle dia 203,2 mm , Taper ISO 60 Ram section -530x600 mm X- 18000mm Y-4000 mm Z-1500 mm W- 900 mm Rotary table MRD 3000 Pgodpecr Rkasfx Adnjw Video with the machine working is available on request.

Year of construction: 1984, condition: used, Used Horizontal borer TITAN AFL 150 CNC CNC Heidenhain - X column - 9000 mm; - Y vertical - 2000 mm; - W spindle - 900 mm - Z column cross - 600 mm Pgodpfxeb Hv Twj Adnow - spindle speed 900 rpm - spindle dia. 150 mm - Machine weight aprox. 50 tons Floor plates 2 pcs. 2000x6000 Rotary table Skoda E20

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2003, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 500522, spindle speed (max.): 3,500 rpm, overall weight: 6,500 kg, spindle diameter: 140 mm, counter spindle speed (max.): 3,500 rpm, TECHNICAL DETAILS Control: Siemens Sinumerik / Index C200-4D Main Spindle Spindle bore with collet clamping: 90 mm Spindle diameter at front bearing: 140 mm Spindle nose ISO 702/1 (Size): 8 Chuck diameter: 250/315 mm Max. rated turning diameter: 270 mm Max. swing diameter: 590 mm Speed: max. 3,500 rpm Counter Spindle Spindle bore with collet clamping: 90 mm Spindle diameter at front bearing: 140 mm Spindle nose ISO 702/1 (Size): 8 Pgodpfxsxvq Rps Adnsw Chuck diameter: 250/315 mm Speed: max. 3,500 rpm Min. distance collet: 20 mm Rapid traverse: 22.5 m/min Turret Number of tools: 12 MACHINE DETAILS Dimensions & Weight Footprint: approx. 8/10.5 m² Height: 2,150 mm Machine weight approx.: 6.5 t EQUIPMENT Tailstock Automatic loading and unloading system

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2002, operating hours: 20,204 h, functionality: fully functional, turning length: 1,025 mm, turning diameter: 530 mm, travel distance X-axis: 475 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 1,170 mm, quill stroke: 150 mm, controller model: Okuma OSP-E100L, TECHNICAL DETAILS Distance between centers: 1,000 mm Swing over bed: 550 mm Maximum machining diameter: 530 mm Maximum workpiece length: 1,025 mm Travels X-axis: 475 mm Y-axis: ±80 mm Z-axis: 1,170 mm C-axis: 360° (continuous) B-axis indexing angle: 1° Main spindle Spindle speed: 5,000 rpm Spindle nose: JIS A2-6 Taper bore diameter: 62 mm Bearing diameter: 100 mm Sub spindle Spindle speed: 6,000 rpm Spindle nose diameter: 140 mm Taper bore diameter: 43 mm Bearing diameter: 80 mm Milling spindle Speed range: 6,000 rpm Feed rates Rapid traverse X-axis: 30 m/min Rapid traverse Y-axis: 26 m/min Rapid traverse Z-axis: 40 m/min Automatic Tool Changer (ATC) Number of tools: 84 Maximum tool length: 250 mm Maximum tool diameter: Ø120 mm (with adjacent stations empty) Maximum tool weight: 5 kg MACHINE DETAILS Control: Okuma OSP-U100L Pjdpfxsxvzp Aj Adnjgw Dimensions (L x W x H): 3,820 × 2,645 × 2,900 mm Weight (without tool magazine): 12,500 kg Main switch-on hours: 20,204 h EQUIPMENT Automatic tool change system High-speed M-spindle with coolant supply 360° C-axis for continuous machining Robust B-axis with 1° indexing Precision sub spindle for second machining side Stable turret with ATC system

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2008, operating hours: 16,722 h, functionality: fully functional, travel distance X-axis: 4,000 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 1,200 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 1,000 mm, spindle speed (max.): 4,200 rpm, controller model: Heidenhain iTNC 530, Submission of a bid obligates the buyer to collect the machine by the end of this year! TECHNICAL DETAILS Travel X: 4,000 mm Travel Y: 1,200 mm Travel Z: 1,000 mm Maximum spindle speed: 4,200 rpm Tool holder: SK50 DIN 69871 Table load capacity: 10,000 kg MACHINE DETAILS Control system: Heidenhain iTNC 530 Operating hours Control unit on-time: 47,181 h Machine on-time: 45,697 h Program running time: 16,722 h Pgodpfxjxx Uayo Adnow EQUIPMENT 45° diagonal milling head with 2.5° indexing Drum-type tool changer with 24 tool positions (vertical tool change) Machine enclosure: front guard with 2 doors Rear guard with additional door Side slats for machining of extra-long workpieces Longitudinal chip conveyor (discharge on right-hand side) Control cabinet air conditioning Swivel arm for machine control (operation from front and rear)

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2008, functionality: fully functional, travel distance X-axis: 3,000 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 6,000 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 1,250 mm, spindle speed (max.): 12,000 rpm, controller model: Heidenhain iTNC530 mit Handrad, Machine with 4th axis as a swivel axis & regularly serviced by the machine manufacturer! TECHNICAL DETAILS Working areas Pgedsxvx U Ajpfx Adnjw X-axis: 3,000 mm Y-axis: 6,000 mm Z-axis: 1,250 mm Milling head A-axis: controllable, tiltable Milling spindle Spindle power: 4.4 kW Spindle speed: 12,000 rpm Tool holder: 78/8 flange Tool clamping: manual with clamping nut Linear axis drives Feed rate X, Y, Z axes: up to 20 m/min Axis acceleration X, Y, Z axes: up to 1.5 m/s² MACHINE DETAILS Control: Heidenhain iTNC530 with handwheel Connected load: approx. 25 kW Main fuse: 42 A Dimensions & Weight Space requirement for machine: approx. 5,500 x 9,000 x 4,500 mm Total weight: 9,600 kg FEATURES Conversion to high-frequency spindle possible Important: Table and the wooden board shown in the photos are not included in the scope of delivery.

Condition: like new (used), Year of construction: 2023, functionality: fully functional, load capacity: 130 kg, arm reach: 2,194 mm, repeat accuracy: 0.06 mm, spindle speed (max.): 24,000 rpm, number of axes: 6, The system is completely unused. The system consists of: - 2 Stäubli robots with milling heads - 2 tool magazines with automatic tool changers - Control unit - Chip conveyor - Rotary table for pallet loading - Complete enclosure of the working area - Tool carrier pallets TECHNICAL DETAILS Number of axes: 6 Maximum payload: 130 kg Repeatability: ± 0.06 mm Arm Axis 1, working range: 360° Axis 2, working range: 235° Axis 3, working range: 285° Axis 1, max. speed: 160°/s Axis 2, max. speed: 160°/s Axis 3, max. speed: 160°/s Reach: 2,194 mm × 370° Wrist Axis 4, working range: 540° Axis 5, working range: 240° Pedoxt Nzbepfx Adnegw Axis 6, working range: 540° Axis 4, max. speed: 260°/s Axis 5, max. speed: 260°/s Axis 6, max. speed: 400°/s Spindle Type: POWERTECH PT400 Maximum speed: 24,000 rpm Tool holder: Taper ISO30 Weight: 24 kg Maximum power: 13 kW Torque: 10.4 Nm MACHINE DETAILS Operating temperature range: 0–45°C Ambient humidity: 20–80% rH Weight: 980 kg Note regarding sale: The system was intended for milling roof racks. However, a change of shareholder for the user occurred during delivery. The new shareholder did not take over the system. Further details on the equipment can be found in the attached documentation.

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2006, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: NL201FC1175, spindle speed (max.): 6,000 rpm, travel distance X-axis: 260 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 100 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 590 mm, controller model: MSX-850 III CONTROL, The machine has only been used for plastics! TECHNICAL DETAILS Travel X-axis: 260 mm Travel Y-axis: 100 mm (+/- 50 mm) Travel Z-axis: 590 mm C-axis movement: 0.001 Max. main spindle speed: 6,000 rpm Maximum turning diameter: 356 mm Number of driven tools: 3 Tool turret: 16-position Bar capacity: 65 mm Axes: 4 MACHINE DETAILS Pjdpfx Aoxyidpodnsgw Control: MSX-850 III CONTROL Dimensions & Weight Dimensions (L x W x H): 2,705 mm x 2,000 mm x 2,120 mm Weight: 5,800 kg EQUIPMENT Parts catcher chuck Driven tools Tailstock Parts catcher Tool setting probe Dust extraction system

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2010, functionality: fully functional, Mazak Inetgrex 100III Universal 9 axis Horizontal Turn-Mill Center Year Mfg 2010 Good conditions Control: Mazatrol 640 MT Pro Number Of Axes: 9 Swing: 470mm Turning Ø: 470mm Center Distance: 735mm Travel (X): 360mm Travel (X) Lower Turret: 220mm Travel (Y): +/- 60mm Travel (Z): 785mm Travel (Z) Lower Turret: 780mm B-Axis Head Tilt: 225 Degrees Travel (W): 795mm C-Axis Index: 0.0011 degree Spindle Speed: 6,000 RPM Sub Spindle: No ATC: 40 , BT40 Chip Conveyor Tool Presetter Pedpfx Adexp Huqsnogw Good working conditions

Condition: not inspected (used), MAHO Tool Milling Machine MH 500 W 1 With AKTIV Digital Display 132 Year of manufacture: approx. 1985-88 Travels: X/Y/Z: 500 x 350 x 375 mm Spindle speed: 63 - 4,000 rpm, stepless Spindle taper: ISO 40 Swivel table: 800 x 360 mm Feeds: 1 – 3,000 mm/min Rapid traverse: 5,000 mm/min Total power requirement: approx. 3 kW Weight: approx. 1,400 kg Dimensions (L x W x H): 1700 x 1300 x 1800 mm Technical details subject to confirmation! Podpfxoxz Rcvj Adnogw AKTIV Digital Display 132: - 3-axis position display, screen-based - Practical manual or conventional machine operation already permits some automation processes - 12" monochrome screen - Teach-in mode available - Tool radius correction - Absolute/incremental input - Setting of reference points - Metric/inch data entry The machine comes from a vocational training center and has been, in principle, well maintained. The control system boots up and the axes can be moved. However, the machine is being sold as "defective" since no further functional testing can be performed by us.

Condition: ready for operation (used), controller manufacturer: Heidenhain, Type: ML120-12000 6 assen gelijktijdig (X / Y / Z / W / B / V) + 2-assige indexeerfreeskop (2,5°) 8 assen gelijktijdig (X / Y / Z / W / B / V) + continue orthogonale freeskop (A: +-120° / C: +-180°) Zware CNC-frees- en boormachine / CNC-vloerboor- en freesmachine ramgrootte: 630 x 500 mm - ramslag: 1250 mm spindeldiameter 130 mm - slag: 650 mm - zonder freeskop te gebruiken als boor CNC continue orthogonale freeskop (A: +-120° / C: +-180°) CNC indexeerfreeskop (2,5°) gereedschapswisselaar voor het automatisch wisselen van twee freeskoppen koeling door spindel gereedschapswisselaar met 60 posities spaantransportband Siemens aandrijvingen en motoren Heidenhain regel- en meetlinialen gewicht van de machine: 60 ton afmetingen van de machine: 19 meter x 12 meter x 6,65 meter TIRT3025 CNC draaitafel continu: - max. 60 ton werkstukgewicht - hydrostatische tafel - afmetingen: 3000 x 2500 mm - slag of draaitafel: 2500 mm Podpfx Adexpgf Nensgw - max 2 toeren per minuut - gewicht van de tafel: 37 ton - afmetingen: 6500 x 2500 x 1500 mm 3 T-sleuftafels - 7600 x 2800 mm - 7600 x 2480 mm - 4300 x 1800 mm - gewicht van de tafels: 50 ton Fresatrice a montante mobile - Freesmachine met mobiele kolom - Fraiseuse-aleseuse avec montant mobile - Fräs-Bohrmaschine mit beweglichem Ständer Longitudinal travel X-axe: 12 000 mm Crosstravel Y -axe: 1250 mm (ram-travel) Travel Z-axe (Height): 3500 mm Power on spindle: 37 kW Admission in millingheadspindle (ISO): ISO 50 Max quill travel Z': 1250 + 650 mm Max speedrange: 6 > 2000 rpm

Condition: like new (used), Year of construction: 2022, x-travel 2500 mm y-travel 3500 mm z-travel 1500 mm Control HEIDENHAIN TNC 640 c-axis +-360 ° milling head -swivable ° milling head swivable ca. +-360 ° table dimension - longitudinal 2500 mm table dimension - cross 3500 mm table load 6 t/m² coolant IKZ 70 bar Feed speed 60 m/min. spindle turning speed range 24000 U/min tool taper HSK-A63 milling spindle motor S6 (40% / 2 min) 41 kW max. torque on the spindle S6 (40% / 2 min) 49 Nm milling spindle motor S1 (100% / 2 min) 34 kW max. torque on the spindle S1 (100% / 2 min) 39 kW tool change unit 60 Pos. weight of the machine ca. 74 t dimensions of the machine ca. 4 x 7.5 x 5.4 m This thermosymmetrical, ergonomic, universal ZIMMERMANN FZU32 portal milling machine is in mint condition and available immediately. Podevwgtyspfx Adnogw DESCRIPTION: The FZU32 is a remarkably compact 5-axis portal milling machine for machining aluminium machining of aluminium, fibre composites, plastics, ureol and steel. steel. Thanks to the particularly rigid, newly developed centre-guiding gantry, we can meet the increasing requirements in model, tool and mould making. mould making. This thermo-symmetrical design makes the FZU32 less susceptible to adverse environmental conditions.

Condition: used, functionality: fully functional, travel distance X-axis: 3,500 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 1,600 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 350 mm, table width: 1,770 mm, table length: 3,550 mm, overall weight: 9,000 kg, total length: 5,890 mm, total width: 2,990 mm, total height: 3,125 mm, tool diameter: 140 mm, tool length: 200 mm, tool weight: 15,000 g, tool magazine motor power: 12,000 W, SPECIAL PRICE Advanced Cnc Router for Drilling, Contouring and Shaping slabs in Marble, Granite, Quartz, Ceramic, Lapitec to create kitchen and vanity tops Podpfx Asxdiupodnogw

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 1972, functionality: fully functional, overall weight: 1,200 kg, x-travel: 290 mm y-travel: 170 mm z-travel: 310 mm Millung spindle number of milling spindle turning speeds: 16 milling spindle turning speeds: 40 - 2000 U/min Pedpfx Aoxz Egpednsgw inner taper of milling spindle: ISO 40 max. diameter of the vice bore: 25 Vertical milling head inner taper of milling spindle: ISO 40 spindle turning speed range: 50 - 2.500 U/min max. diameter of the vice bore: 25 dimensions: 1.100 x 1.100 x 1.660 mm

Condition: excellent (used), Tabletop Edge Bander JAROMA + Edge Trimmer with Cutting Unit Catalog No. 7729A Edge Bander Equipment: - Band plate - Glue tank (granulate) - Tape feeder - Guillotine – preliminary trimming of edging Pedpfx Aoxa Eh Dsdnegw - Pressure rollers: 2 pcs - Min. width of workpieces: 50 mm - Thickness of workpieces: 10–40 mm - Min. internal radius: 50 mm - Edging at an angle with 1 mm thick tape: 0–45° - Edge thickness: 0.3–3 mm - Electric feed - Total power: 2 kW - Compressed air pressure: 6–7 bar - Dimensions (L/W/H): 1700x1300x1550 mm - Weight: 310 kg Edge Trimmer: - Min. width of workpieces: 50 mm - Thickness of workpieces: 16–40 mm - Edge thickness: 0.5–3 mm - Motor power: 1.1 kW - Air requirement: 6 bar - Extraction nozzle: 60 mm - Dimensions (L/W/H): 1900x850x1450 mm - Weight: 290 kg Cutting Unit: - Blade diameter: 150 mm - Table dimensions: 750x820 mm - Motor power: 0.12 kW / 2800 rpm – Polish manufacture – Unpainted – DTR documentation – Very good condition – Used edge bander Net price: 11,000 PLN Net price: 2,620 EUR (based on an exchange rate of 4.2 EUR) (Prices may vary depending on exchange rate fluctuations)

Condition: excellent (used), CATALOG NUMBER 7730 TECHNICAL DATA Milling Machine: - Minimum width of workpieces: 50mm - Workpiece thickness: 16-40mm - Edge thickness: 0.5-3mm - Motor power: 1.1kW - Air requirement: 6 bar - Extraction nozzle: 60mm - Dimensions (L/W/H): 1900x850x1450mm - Weight: 290kg Trimming Unit: - Blade diameter: 150mm - Table size: 750x820mm - Motor power: 0.12kW / 2800rpm ADVANTAGES Pedpfx Aoxa Egmednogw – Polish-made – Trimming unit – Profiled cutters included – Unpainted – DTR documentation – Used milling machine, in very good condition Net price: 4500 PLN Net price: 1070 EUR depending on a rate of 4.2 EUR (Prices may vary with significant rate fluctuations)