Used Metering Pump for sale (12,335)

Condition: used, clear span: 2,880 mm, total length: 32,880 mm, total height: 3,650 mm, load per truss pair (max.): 1,600 kg, number of shelf rows: 1, Technical data for the pallet racking system: Racking system: Hovuma Technical data for the installation: Number of racking bays: 1 unit Length per racking bay: approx. 32,880 mm Number of bays per racking bay: 11 units, each 2,880 mm Number of levels including the base level: 03 units Included in the scope of supply: Ibjdez A Ac Uopfx Ahyjc 12x Pallet racking uprights, used Material color: green Upright profile: C 100 x 50 x 3 mm Incl. cross and diagonal braces and load distribution plate Overall length: approx. 930 mm Internal width: approx. 102 mm The uprights are pre-assembled (welded frame) 3,650 mm high 870 mm deep 66x Pallet racking beams, used Material color: green INP profile: 80 x 42 mm Clear width: 2,880 mm Max. load per pair of beams 1,600 kg with evenly distributed load 132x Locking pins, used Design: fully galvanized For securing the longitudinal beams against unintentional lifting 48x Bolt anchors, new Manufacturer: Hilti Type designation: HST2 M12x105/10 Design: Carbon steel, galvanized Approved for: cracked concrete 24x Shims, used Design: fully galvanized for leveling the racking uprights that are installed on uneven ground 01x Load sign with information on bay and frame loads, manufacturer and batch number Dimensions: 420 x 297 x 3 mm General information about the item: This item is offered for collection only. Any additional transport or shipment of this item will incur additional costs, which can be requested separately depending on the delivery location or scope of delivery.

Condition: used, clear span: 3,300 mm, total length: 17,100 mm, total height: 2,500 mm, load per truss pair (max.): 1,750 kg, Technical data for the pallet racking system: Racking system: Mecalux Technical data for the installation: Number of racking rows: 01 unit Length per racking row: approx. 17,100 mm Number of bays per racking row: 05 units Number of levels including the base level: 02 units Technical data for the capacity: Pallet spaces per bay: 12 units Pallet spaces per row: 60 units Total pallet spaces: 60 units Based on: Load support: Euro pallet EN 13698-1 Dimensions: 1,200 x 800 x 150 mm Overall height incl. pallet: not specified Weight per pallet (max.): 435 kg Included in the scope of delivery: 06x Pallet racking uprights, used Material color: blue Upright profile dimensions: 100 x 69 x 2.0 mm Upright type: M-101 Incl. cross and diagonal braces, Base plates The uprights are pre-assembled (bolted frame) 2,500 mm high 1,100 mm deep 20x Pallet racking beam, used Material color: RAL 2001 orange Beam type: TB-S120 Box profile: 120 x 50 mm Clear span: 3,300 mm Max. load per beam pair 1,750 kg with evenly distributed load 40x Locking pin, used Material color: Sendzimir galvanized For securing the longitudinal members against unintentional lifting 24x Bolt anchor, new Manufacturer: Hilti Type designation: HST2 M12x105/10 Design: Carbon steel, galvanized Approved for: cracked concrete 12x Shimming plate, used Design: completely galvanized For leveling the racking uprights that are installed on uneven ground 01x Load sign with information on bay and shelf loads, manufacturer and order number Dimensions: 420 x 297 x 3 mm Ibsdpfxjz A A Dlj Ahyec General information about the item: This item is offered for collection only. Any additional transport or shipping of this item will incur additional costs, which can be requested separately depending on the delivery location or scope of delivery.

Condition: used, This listing is for a Watson Marlow 620S/R Peristaltic Pumps The units are in full working condition and ready for immediate use Design & Functionality The 620S/R model is part of the 600 Series of cased peristaltic pumps featuring a brushless DC motor equipped with digital keypad control (620S) and a sturdy NEMA 2 / IP31 vented, wipe‑down enclosure suited for dry industrial environments ,It operates at dual voltage (100–120 V or 200–240 V, 50/60 Hz) and includes features like MemoDose for one-shot dosing and wireless guard-switching for safety The casing is chemically resistant, with powder-coated die-cast aluminium construction and an easy-to-clean membrane keypad Pump Performance Flow range: 0.00026 to ~4.23 gpm (equivalent to ~0.001 to 16 L/min) with the 620R pump head With newer 620RE LoadSure heads, the flow increases up to ~4.76 gpm (0.004–18 L/min) Pressure capability: Up to approximately 60 psi (4 bar) with the appropriate head and tubing Control accuracy: Exceptional 2,650:1 turndown ratio, fine speed control from 0.1 to 265 rpm in selectable increments (0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, or 10 rpm), with 0.1% speed accuracy Iodjxhdx Djpfx Ahyebc Pump Heads & Tubing The model supports the following interchangeable pump heads: 620R Mk II (continuous tubing, two rollers) 620RE and 620RE4 (LoadSure elements, two or four rollers) These heads are compatible with various tubing materials (e.g., Marprene™, Bioprene™, Sta‑Pure™, silicone) and sizes (typically 6.4 mm to 17 mm inner diameter) The 620RE and RE4 heads feature retractable rollers for easier cleaning (CIP/SIP) and rapid loading AFAB Lab Resources - Used Lab Equipment Physical Attributes & Construction Ingress Protection: IP31 (NEMA 2) for the standard 620S/R; there are IP66/NEMA 4X variants (e.g., 620SN/R) for environments requiring better dust and water resistance Weight: Around 19.6 kg (with 620R/RE head) to 20.1 kg (with 620RE4) Sound level: Less than 70 dB(A) at 1 m—relatively quiet for continuous industrial operation Advanced Features MemoDose: Delivers precise single-shot volumes—ideal for dosing applications Ramp function & non‑drip: Ramp improves handling of delicate fluids, preventing splashes/frothing, while non-drip minimizes residual drips at dose end (noted in related Di versions but often included in feature suites) Data export: Some models (e.g. 620S/RE) support RS‑232 export of batch records—important for GMP compliance

Condition: used, This listing is for a Watson Marlow 530S Peristaltic Pumps The units are in full working condition and ready for immediate release. Overview & Function The Watson‑Marlow 530S is part of their 500 series cased peristaltic/process pumps. Industrial Provider It’s used for precise fluid metering, dosing, or transfer in laboratory, industrial, pharmaceutical, food & beverage, water treatment, and other process environments. As a peristaltic pump, it works by compressing a flexible tube (or tubing element) with rollers or shoes, pushing fluid forward while the fluid never contacts moving mechanical parts (only the tubing). This gives isolation and reduces contamination risk Because fluid only contacts tubing, the risk of contamination or cross‑contamination is low, and maintenance is relatively straightforward (replace tubing / elements). Very good turndown ratio (i.e. ability to dial down flow finely) thanks to the wide speed control range. The user interface is designed for operational simplicity and clarity. Offers flexibility in control: it supports analog and digital remote control, SCADA integration, and bus communication. Ability to use different pumpheads and tubing materials to suit pressure, chemical compatibility, and flow requirement Ijdpoxv Ak Iofx Ahyobc

Condition: used, This listing is for Watson Marlow 323 Peristaltic Laboratory Pumps Ibsdpjygmdhefx Ahyjc Each unit is in full working condition and is ready for immediate use The Watson-Marlow 323 is a peristaltic laboratory and process pump designed for precise, controlled fluid movement, dosing and metering of liquids in scientific, pharmaceutical, biotechnological and industrial environments. It works by mechanically squeezing a flexible tube in a circular “rolling” action — this moves the liquid without it ever contacting internal pump parts, which reduces contamination and wear

Condition: good (used), operating hours: 2,541 h, lifting height: 8,800 mm, fuel type: electric, mast type: triplex, battery manufacturer: Batterie Siems, battery capacity: 620 Ah, battery voltage: 48 V, fork length: 1,200 mm, General information Year of manufacture: 2008 Year of construction: 2008 Weights Empty weight: 3.590 kg Battery Battery: 620 Ah, 48 V, Year of manufacture 2017, Brand of battery Batterie Siems Functional Lifting capacity: 1.700 kg Maximum passing height: 340 cm Number of valves: 3 Condition Technical condition: good Visual appearance: good Ijdsz I Airjpfx Ahyobc Other information Mast type: triplex = Additional options and accessories = - 3rd valve - Battery charger = Remarks = = Additional options and accessories = - 4th valve - Pneumatic shaped solids = More information = Number of valves: 3 Fork carriage: Sideshifter Please contact Bas Sindorf , ) for more information

Condition: good (used), Karpowicz NK 114S Injector with screw pump Pickle injector is appliance designed to intramuscular induction of pickling brine into meat with bone or into meat without bone. Special screw pump can inject pickling brine and dense pickling emulsion. Manufacturer: Karpowicz Model: NK 114S Year: Iodexy If Eepfx Ahyjbc Number of injecting needles (pcs): 114 Number of rows of needles (pcs): 6 Type of pump: Screw pump Height of needle lift: 190 mm Belt width: 600 mm Machine Dimensions LxWxH: 2.600x1.500x2.200 mm Machine Weight: 1.200 kg.

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 1997, Etanorm SYN 80-200, centrifugal pump, for diesel fuel, 200 m3/h. El.motor 55 kw, 2940 rpm, 100 A. Ibedpfoxzcbkox Ahyoc

Condition: used, This listing is for a Quattroflow QF 1200-S Single-use Pump diaphragm pump. Isdpfexxy S Uox Ahysbc The unit is in full working condition and is ready for immediate release. The Quattroflow QF 1200-S is a sophisticated quaternary diaphragm pump specifically engineered for sterile fluid transfer in the pharmaceutical manufacturing and biotech sectors. Its compact design and advanced features position it as a top choice for applications requiring precision and contamination control. Here’s a closer look at its characteristics, advantages, and applications: Key Characteristics: Flow Rate: Capable of handling flow rates of up to 1200 litres per hour, making it versatile for various processing needs. Eccentric Shaft Design: Offers 3° and 5° angles for adjustable flow rates, tailoring the pump’s performance to specific applications. Pump Chamber Material: Available in both stainless steel for multi-use and polypropylene for single-use, catering to different operational requirements and preferences. Control System: Features an integrated pump controller (Q-Control) that allows for automated control and monitoring, enhancing operational efficiency and precision. Interfacing Options: Compatible with various flow and pressure sensors, ensuring seamless integration into existing systems for real-time monitoring. Model Variants: Includes several models such as QF30, QF150, QF1200, QF2500, and QF44, providing options to meet diverse process demands. Advantages: Low-Shear, Low-Slip, Low-Pulsation Performance: This design ensures the gentle transfer of critical biological fluids, preserving their integrity and functionality. Single-Use Positive Displacement Technology: Reduces maintenance costs significantly and enhances purification yields by minimizing the need for cleaning and validation. Total Product Containment: The unique seal-less design eliminates contamination risks and particle generation, ensuring the purity of the fluids being transferred. CIP/SIP-Capable and Autoclavable: Supports clean-in-place and sterilize-in-place protocols, making it suitable for sterile fluid transfer in highly regulated environments. Easy Installation and Replacement: The single-use pump chambers are quick to install and replace, streamlining workflows and minimizing downtime.

Condition: used, This listing is for a Elmo Rietschle VTA 80 Rotary Vane Pump. The unit is in full working condition and is ready for immediate release. Discover the power and efficiency of the Elmo Rietschle VTA 80 Rotary Vane Pump, engineered to meet the demanding needs of various industrial applications. This high-performance pump is designed for reliability, low noise operation, and easy maintenance, making it an ideal choice for laboratories, manufacturing, and process industries. Key Features: High Efficiency: The VTA 80 delivers an impressive volume flow rate of 55 to 92 m³/hr (32.3 to 54.1 cfm), ensuring optimal performance for your vacuum needs. Ultimate Vacuum: Achieve a robust ultimate vacuum of 150 mbar (abs), allowing for effective handling of a wide range of applications. Isdpfx Aexx Ag Uohyobc Dual-Sided Bearings: The pump features bearings on both sides of the rotor, enhancing stability and longevity during operation. Low Noise Level: Designed for quiet operation, the VTA 80 minimizes sound levels while maintaining high performance. Sound Cover Design: The innovative sound cover allows for ducted cooling air outlets from one or both sides, optimizing airflow and cooling efficiency. Benefits: Easy Servicing and Operation: The VTA 80 is designed for straightforward maintenance, reducing downtime and ensuring consistent operation. Versatile Applications: Suitable for various applications, from laboratory vacuum processes to industrial manufacturing, this pump adapts to your specific requirements. Reliability and Durability: Built with high-quality materials and engineering, the VTA 80 ensures long-lasting performance and reliability in demanding environments. Elevate your operations with the Elmo Rietschle VTA 80 Rotary Vane Pump, where efficiency meets durability. Experience enhanced productivity and reliability in your vacuum applications today!

Condition: used, This listing is for a Watson Marlow 604S Peristaltic Pump The unit is in full working condition and is ready for immediate release. The Watson‑Marlow 604S is a laboratory/industrial peristaltic (tube) pump, designed for dosing, metering, and fluid transfer tasks where the fluid must remain isolated from moving parts. It’s part of the “600” series of Watson‑Marlow pumps and is intended for relatively high flow rates in a controlled environment (e.g. labs, pilot plant, certain chemical or processing setups). Iodexv Ad Ujpfx Ahysbc Because it’s a peristaltic pump, the fluid only contacts the inner wall of a flexible tube, which makes it suitable for shear‑sensitive, corrosive or potentially particulated fluids, without contaminating the pump internals Strengths Clean & Isolated Flow: Because only the inner surface of the tubing contacts the fluid, there is no risk of cross‑contamination or fluid leaking into mechanical parts. Good Flow Capacity: With a relatively high maximum flow (≈ 11 L/min), it can handle moderate bulk transfer in addition to dosing. Robust Housing: The IP55 rating makes it resistant to dust ingress and water spray, which is beneficial in industrial or lab environments with splashes. Variable speed control: The broad control range allows fine tuning of flow. Relative simplicity of maintenance: Replacing tubing is straightforward compared to more complicated pump mechanisms (valves, seals, diaphragms, etc.).

Condition: used, This listing is for the Spectrum Labs Crossflow The unit is in full working condition and is ready for immediate release Key FeaturesSpectrum Labs’ Crossflow filtration systems, notably the KrosFlo® series, are designed for laboratory-scale Tangential Flow Filtration (TFF). These systems are ideal for applications such as protein concentration, cell harvesting, and nanoparticle separation. The Spectrum Labs KrosFlo® Research I is a versatile peristaltic pump offering: Dual Pump Head Capability: Can mount two pump heads. Iedpoxv Aztofx Ahyebc Wide Flow Rate Range: Delivers between 0.06 to 230 mL/min, suitable for both low and high-volume applications. High Volume Efficiency: Ideal for metering and dosing tasks. Durability & Flexibility: Digitally controlled drive manages abrasive slurries, corrosive fluids, and filter aid suspensions (e.g., titanium dioxide, diatomaceous earth). Seal-less and valveless design ensures low maintenance. Compact Design: Fits easily on the benchtop, keeping it readily accessible.

Condition: used, This listing is for the Watson-Marlow 520Di Dispensing Pump The unit is in full working condition and is ready for immediate use Overview The 520Di is a high-precision, programmable peristaltic dispensing pump designed for aseptic fluid transfer and filling in pharmaceutical, biotech, and food processing environments. With a simple keypad-screen interface and up to 50 programmable batch routines, it meets cGMP documentation needs while delivering fast and accurate fluid dispensing. Dispenses 50 mL in 2 seconds with ±0.5% accuracy Pumps up to 3.5 L/min, pressures up to 2 bar Batch record output for regulatory compliance 5-year warranty Enclosure options: IP31 (NEMA2) and IP66 (NEMA4X) Control User Interface: Tactile membrane keypad + alphanumeric LCD Security: Optional passcodes to lock settings Program Storage: Save 50 custom fill/dispense sequences Digital I/O: 4 configurable outputs Remote Operation: Contact closure or logic input control Documentation Full operating manuals Iedexv Da Rjpfx Ahyobc Validation support documents (cGMP, IQ/OQ protocols) Maintenance and calibration guides Sectors & Applications Pharmaceutical & Biotech: Aseptic fill/finish, cell culture media filling, vial/bottle dosing Food Production: Adding dyes, vitamins, flavours Laboratory R&D: Benchtop reagent prep, Petri dish filling Chemical Processing: Metering corrosive or high-viscosity fluids

Condition: used, functionality: fully functional, mileage: 240,000 km, power: 109 kW (148.20 HP), first registration: 03/2012, fuel type: diesel, empty load weight: 2,460 kg, maximum load weight: 1,040 kg, overall weight: 3,500 kg, fuel: diesel, color: black, driver cabin: day cab, gearing type: mechanical, emission class: euro5, number of seats: 3, total length: 6,900 mm, total width: 2,450 mm, permissible axle load (axle 1): 2,100 kg, permissible axle load (axle 2): 2,400 kg, loading space length: 4,500 mm, loading space width: 2,450 mm, Year of construction: 2012, Equipment: ABS, Android Auto, air conditioning, power assisted steering, truck registration, ADDRESS: Street 9, No. 33, 12309 Berlin (see last picture) NEW ENGINE / Overhauled at 217,000 km, including gaskets 4.5 m platform/flatbed with maximum width of 2.45 m Work lights and rotating beacon Isdozvhnljpfx Ahyebc Tow hitch for 3 tons, 120 kg vertical load CLIMATE CONTROL 6-speed transmission Double bench seat, 3 seats Electric windows Signs of wear and tear due to age Delivery possible Also reachable via WhatsApp

Condition: like new (used), Year of construction: 2020, total length: 6,020 mm, Pneumatic automatic press for longitudinal wood gluing, 6 meters, for micro-joints, after complete overhaul Ibodpfx Aoy E I D Iehyoc

Condition: used, Leybold Trivac D8B vacuum pump with a single-phase motor, 230V, 50Hz. Ibjdjz Hcgbepfx Ahysc

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2015, functionality: fully functional, KNOLL Chip Removal Central System with Pump Technology 25,000 Liters Systems with Pump Technology A conveying and filtering system with pump technology is suitable for the fully automatic transport of chips from several machining centers to a central filtration unit. The coolant serves as the carrier medium. This system is particularly advantageous in production areas with a large number of machines. It has a space-saving design and is flexible in terms of height. The user has all the options to freely arrange and rearrange their machine park. The maintenance and care effort is low. Areas of Application The closed-loop system is suitable for the fully automatic return of the chip/coolant mixture from several machining centers to a central separator/filter. This supplies the machines with cleaned coolant. The system is used in large production areas with a machine park of 30 or more machines and as an isolated solution (wet machining). Features • High flexibility in the installation or rearrangement of the machine park • Low space requirement due to above-ground pipelines Iodpfez D Uz Sex Ahyobc • No system components within the floor of the hall • Low maintenance and care effort Main Components • Chip conveyor (optional) • Chip shredder (optional) • Return pump stations • Return line piping • Chip pre-separator (optional) • Dirty and/or clean tank • Coolant filter system (e.g., band filter or backwash filter) • Supply pump(s) • Supply line piping • Pressure boosting stations, central or decentralized (optional) • Control technology • Downstream chip processing system (optional)

Condition: used, mileage: 311,000 km, power: 120 kW (163.15 HP), first registration: 03/2013, overall weight: 3,500 kg, fuel type: diesel, color: white, gearing type: automatic, emission class: euro5, number of seats: 2, Equipment: ABS, air conditioning, central locking, electronic stability program (ESP), parking heater, soot filter, Manufacturer Mercedes Model Sprinter 316 CDI Rioned Spulebil Year 2013 Condition Good Serial Number WDB9066331S755439 Ref. nr. 1248109 Reg. date: 19-09-2013 Engine: 2,2 CDI Hk: 160 Km: 311000 Gearbox: Automatic Eurotype: 5 Diesel tank: 1 Tank liter: 100 L Cabin heater: ? Air conditioning: ? Radio: ? Disc brake: ? ABS: ? Tire Size: 235/65R16 Cover% left 60% 50% Front suspension: Springs Suspension rear: Springs Total weight: 3500 kg Net weight: 2238 Kg Load capacity 1262 Kg Manufacturer: Rioned High pressure pump: Rioned P-45 SP-617 Iedpfxjyyt I Us Ahysbc High pressure capacity: 85 l/min - 150 Bar High pressure pump hours: 3126 Remote control: ?

Condition: used, Used Refurbished 1-year warranty New electric motor, mineral oil included 5.5 kW motor 1.7 amps/1450 rpm - 1 rpm Ibsdewhnqyjpfx Ahysc Measured ultimate pressure: 1.5 x 10-2 mbar With gas ballast: 2 x 10-1 mbar

Condition: used, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: L891100100, Year of construction: 2011, input voltage: 200,220 V, input frequency: 60 Hz, Vacuum pump FMG for exact description see pictures Iodpsxbhiyjfx Ahyebc

Condition: used, Vacuum pump, vane cell pump, rotary vane pump WERIE RIETSCHLE Model CLFTL 25 DV Device No.: 481579 Delivery rate: 25 m3/h Vacuum: -0.6 bar (test run: -0.66 bar) Vacuum level: 60% Motor speed: 1,400 rpm Motor power: 1.4 kW Power supply: 220 Volt, 50 Hz - Dry-running pump without oil lubrication Ibsdpexciwnsfx Ahyoc - Threaded connection for suction and pressure line: 1/2" Dimensions (L x W x H): 600 x 360 x 270 mm Weight: 50 kg Good condition

Condition: used, functionality: unexamined, machine/vehicle number: AA40 WN, overall weight: 240 kg, volume flow: 42 m³/h, input voltage: 220 V, Used Ebara AA40 WN Dry Vacuum Pump Ijdpfx Aexlikmehyebc Manufacturer: Ebara Model: AA40 WN Ultimate Pressure: 0.2 Pa Capacity: 4200 L/min Power: 200/220 Volt, 50/60 Hz (3Ph.) The Ebara AA40WN dry pumping system is a microprocessor-controlled, modular dry pump package that offers exceptional control and monitoring capabilities. The AA40WN pump system can be locally operated via a handheld or mounted LCD control panel.

Condition: used, functionality: unexamined, machine/vehicle number: ASL-102f, Used Bronkhorst Mass Flow Meters ASL-102F Iodexl A Eqepfx Ahysbc Model: ASL-102f Manufacturer: Bronkhorst 200 in/min Air 24°C N.C. Control valve Sold per unit.

Condition: used, This listing is for the Quattroflow QS15SU Fluid systems pump The unit is in full working condition and is ready for immediate use The Quattroflow 15SU is a 4-piston Diaphragm pump, which is mainly used to pump water-like fluids that are typically handled in research-, pilot plant- or production facilities of the pharmaceutical, biotech, food or cosmetic research centres or plants. Examples: Solutions containing proteins (albumin, IgG, Clotting factors, monoclonal antibodies, enzymes, vaccines.) Solutions of polymers or suspensions (silicon, latex, chromatography media) Ibsdpfx Ahjxl Er Hsysc Cell suspensions (bacteria, yeast, algae, fungi, mammalian cells) colloidal solutions Suspensions of viruses or phage Dairy products Gelatine Supplements and ingredients for cosmetic and food

Condition: used, This listing is for the Watson Marlow 620 Du/R Peristaltic pump The unit is in full working condition and is ready for immediate use The 620DU is a process peristaltic pump (i.e. hose pump) designed for metering, dosing, and transfer of fluids. Isdpfxoxhdt Ij Ahyebc Because it is a peristaltic design, the fluid is contained entirely within the tubing, avoiding contact with internal moving parts (other than the tubing). It is suitable for remote control, automation, and integration into control systems (SCADA, factory logic, etc.). Wide control range & precision: The large turndown (2,650:1) gives flexibility to handle both very low and high flow rates with fine control. Remote / automation capabilities: Because it supports analog and digital interfaces, it’s well-suited for integrated systems. Pump protection & security: PIN locking helps avoid unintentional changes in process-critical applications. Low maintenance on non‑wetted parts: Since only the tubing contacts fluid, mechanical wear is mostly on the tubing, making part replacement simpler. Safe to run dry: Peristaltic pumps typically tolerate running dry without damage (unlike many positive displacement pumps). Reversible / ability to back‑flush: This is helpful when attempting to clear lines or avoid clogging. Limitations / Considerations Tubing wear / life: The hose or tubing is the consumable component. Chemical compatibility, pressure, and mechanical stress affect how often tubing needs replacement. Upper pressure / flow limit: While it handles decent pressure (~2 bar standard, possibly up to 4 bar variant), it’s not suited for very high-pressure pumping tasks. Enclosure limitations (non-“N” model): The standard 620DU is not fully sealed, so it may not be ideal for wet or harsh environments unless you use the “N” variant. Cost / complexity: More features, interfaces, and protection can make the system more complex (and costlier) to configure, install, and maintain.