Used Asphalt Paving for sale (461)

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2026, SELF-PROPELLED BITUMEN EMULSION SPRAYER BS-1000SP TM TICAB self-propelled Bitumen Emulsion Sprayer BS-1000-SP is the most powerfull mini bitumen emulsion sprayer among all TICAB mini sprayers. Spray bar 1,5m (7 nozzles) covers up to 2000 sq.m per hour. Tank 1000 L. Repair work in the shortest possible time both on small areas (household areas, alleys) and on the bigger areas. Self-propelled system fits any trailer. Car is needed just to move the BS-1000-SP sprayer to the construction side. It makes using the sprayer much easier and increases its maneuverability. Operate remotely using a joystick. Specifications: Gasoline engine – 16 hp; Productivity – 30 l/min; Spraying width – 1.7 m; System cleaning – 3-level, diesel fuel; Self-pumping function of the tank; Installation on a frame or on a trailer at the customer's request; Heating system of the emulsion tank; Tank – 1000 l; Iedpfx Aqsvpg Izjuoau Possibility of connecting an extra compressor for spraying bar cleaning; Thermal sensor – mechanical; Burner – propane; Hand spraying rod; Self-propelled traction hydraulic wheel.

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2026, Asphalt Hot Box / Asphalt Recycler НВ-1/Recycler Asphalt Hot Box / Asphalt Recycler HB-1 is designed to maintain the working properties and temperature of hot asphalt during its transportation from the asphalt plant to the place of work and in its process. High quality thermal insulating mineral wool, which is installed around the working tank, is used for thermal insulation. Iasdpfx Asvprxxjquou The unit also has the function of asphalt recycling with an infrared heater located at the top. The asphalt is heated on a grate. SPECIFICATIONS: - Volume - 0,4 m3 - Capacity is 2-2.5 tons per 8 hours. - Propane fuel - Consumption - 3-4 kg / h (depending on the outside temperature) - Mechanical control (open fire ignition system)

Condition: new, functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 2026, Pothole Repair Complex MIRA-3 Pothole Repair Complex MIRA-3 by TICAB TM is a unique road repair system developed by TICAB engineers for optimization of road patching works. MIRA-3 complex includes infrared asphalt heater, asphalt recycler and bitumen emulsion sprayer. How to use MIRA-3 Complex: Ijdpfx Aqot Itzzeuoau - Heating of the repair place. - Add a hot asphalt from the asphalt recycler. - Spraying the bitumen emulsion. MIRA-3 includes: - Infrared Asphalt Heater MIRA-3. - Bitumen Emulsion Sprayer BS-100. - Asphalt Recycler RA-500.

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2026, Bitumen Emulsion Sprayer BS-1000 Bitumen Emulsion Sprayer BS-1000 is designed for priming the surfaces prior to asphalt laying, asphalting adjacent areas, as well as for pouring seams and cracks with bitumen emulsion. Bitumen emulsion is supplied from a 1000 l tank, which is installed directly on the fixing platform. Heating system allows the bitumen emulsion to be sprayed in a cold time. It is easy to use. It has its own cleaning system. Made on a steel frame, or mounted on a trailer. SPECIFICATIONS: - Productivity – 36 l/min. - Spraying width - 2,2 m. - Cleaning System - 3-level, diesel fuel. - Self-pumping function of the tank. - Installation on a frame or on a trailer at the customer's request. - Heating system of the emulsion tank. - Tank 1000 l. - Possibility of connecting an extra compressor for spraying bar cleaning. - Thermal sensor - mechanical. - Hand spraying rod Iasdpfxsvptnue Aqusu

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2026, BITUMEN EMULSION SPRAYER BS-2000 - Spray bar for 11 nozzles with a width of 2.4 m - Spray width with tyre - 2.4-2.8 m - System cleaning - 3-level, diesel fuel Iaedpfxevpg Eas Aquju - Tanker self-pumping function - Mounting on a frame or on a trailer on request - Emulsion tank heating system - Own 2000 l tank - Possibility of connecting a third-party compressor for cleaning the sprinkler bar - Mechanical thermal sensor - Lance for manual sprinkling Completing: - Tank truck 2000 l - Power block - Hose - 4m with rod and nozzle for manual spraying - Hoses for supplying bitumen emulsion - Spray bar for emulsion with 11 nozzles - Gas burner with regulator Specifications: Power block (Petrol Engine HONDA GX-200) Engine power – 4.1 kw - Spray rate of bitumen emulsion with hand lance4 l/min - Spraying rate of bitumen emulsion through tyre 55 l/min - Engine 4-stroke petrol engine with air cooling - Bitumen emulsion consumption 0.8 l/m2 - Tank capacity 2000 l - Recommended gas cylinder 27 l (not included) - Overall dimensions (portable) without trailer 257*190*160 cm - Shoulder weight (without emulsion) 715 kg Price: 9600 Euro (Netto) Price on the trailer: 15000 Euro

Condition: new, functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 2026, Asphalt Hot Box НВ-2 With Asphalt Hot Box HB-2 by TICAB TM you can deliver hot asphalt from the asphalt plant to the place of road works, with minimal heating loss. Thermal insulation of the container with quality mineral wool allows to keep the working temperature of the asphalt up to 12 hours without additional heating. At the same time, the HB-2 is additionally equipped with a Beckett diesel heating system and a Thermal Controller. HB-2 is equipped with a hydraulic lifting system. There is a manhole on the top of the tank for loading the hot asphalt. Asphalt Hot Box HB-2 by TICAB TM is easily mounted on the truck body or on a trailer. SPECIFICATIONS: - Capacity - 1,8 m3 Iajdpfx Aqet It Dvsusu TICAB Manufacturer of road machines: bitumen emulsion sprayers, crack sealing mahines, asphalt recyclers, street vacuum cleaners, universal loaders and other road machines. The highest European quality, competitive prices. If we do not have an official representative office in your country, we are looking for a distributor there! We are looking forward to contact with you!

Condition: new, functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 2026, BS-500 PRO Even the best road coating wears during exploitation. Heavy traffic, unfavorable weather conditions, and other factors negatively affect the asphalt. Bitumen pressure distributor BS-500 PRO – is the number-one equipment to protect the load-bearing structure of the road with surface treatment. The model has a safe and inexpensive heating system, responsible for maintaining the required temperature of the emulsion. The 500-liter emulsion tank is insulated with solid mineral wool. Technical Specifications Engine power (petrol, air cooled)-4.3 kW (5.8 hp) Emulsion tank capacity-500 l Productivity-28 l/min Nozzles on the spraying bar- 7 pcs Spraying width-1.7 m Diesel cleaning system Iaodpfx Ajvuaccoquju Spraying bar is modularised, consisting of 3 sections, with rubber protection plates that protect against contamination and emulsion in unplanned areas Remote control of the spraying bar Electric starter Tank self priming function Emulsion tank heating system Ability to connect a third party compressor for cleaning the spraying bar

Condition: new, functionality: fully functional, fuel type: gas, Year of construction: 2026, Equipment: 4 in one shovel, Infrared Asphalt Heater MIRA-1 Infrared Asphalt Heater MIRA-1 by TICAB TM is compact and powerful device. Best for small patch repairs. It is quite reliable and highly effective in use SPECIFICATIONS: - Propane fuel. - Controls - mechanical. - 2 gas bottles. Ijdpfjq Rcrqjx Aqueau - Consumption - 5-5.5 kg / h (depending on the outside temperature). - Weight 120 kg. Effective in the repair of: • Potholes. • Raising manhole and utility covers. • Failed pavement joints. • Joint asphalt repair.

Condition: new, functionality: fully functional, power: 15.5 kW (21.07 HP), gearing type: other, fuel type: gasoline, color: green, overall weight: 4,000 kg, Year of construction: 2026, Equipment: all wheel drive, hydraulics, low noise, TICAB MP-1100 Asphalt Paver | Professional Road Construction & Asphalt Paving Machine Designed to deliver smooth, uniform asphalt placement with maximum efficiency, the MP-1100 is the ideal choice for contractors, municipalities, and infrastructure companies seeking durable and cost-effective paving equipment. Boost your paving productivity with the TICAB MP-1100 Asphalt Paver — a reliable, high-performance solution engineered for professional road construction, asphalt resurfacing, and pavement maintenance projects. Available with either a wheeled or tracked chassis to suit your specific jobsite requirements, the MP-1100 provides exceptional maneuverability, precision, and performance across a wide range of paving applications. Key Advantages ✔ Available in wheeled or tracked configuration for maximum jobsite flexibility ✔ Precision paving technology ensures smooth, uniform asphalt surfaces ✔ Compatible with Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) ✔ Compact design with powerful output for urban and confined work areas ✔ High productivity with reduced labor requirements ✔ Robust, heavy-duty construction for long service life ✔ Simple operation and low maintenance costs ✔ Built for demanding road construction and repair environments Ideal Applications • Road construction and rehabilitation • Asphalt paving for highways and municipal roads • Parking lot construction and resurfacing • Driveway paving projects • Industrial yards and factory floor paving • Street maintenance and asphalt repair • Commercial and infrastructure development projects Why Choose the TICAB MP-1100? The TICAB MP-1100 combines precision, durability, and operational efficiency in one versatile machine. Whether you're building new roads, resurfacing existing pavement, or completing municipal repair projects, this asphalt paver delivers professional-grade results while helping reduce operating costs and increase project profitability. Isdpfx Aqex U Ah Touoau Designed for long-term performance and reliability, the MP-1100 is a smart investment for road contractors and paving professionals who demand consistent quality and maximum return on investment. Request a Quote Today Contact us for pricing, technical specifications, customization options, and worldwide delivery. Discover how the TICAB MP-1100 can help take your paving operations to the next level.

Year of construction: 2025, condition: used, functionality: fully functional, PROBST Paving Cleaner EASYCLEAN EC-60 EASYCLEAN EC-60 — Year of manufacture 2025 Used, from the professional rental fleet of Kurt König Baumaschinen GmbH, Einbeck, Germany. Condition & Notes: - Condition: Used, ex-rental, regularly serviced - Functionality: Fully operational - Product photos to follow — please contact us for current images - On-site inspection in 37574 Einbeck available by appointment Price EUR 3,300 plus VAT | EXW Einbeck | Delivery upon request Iedpey A E N Asfx Aquoau

Condition: new, functionality: fully functional, power: 3.6 kW (4.89 HP), gearing type: other, fuel type: gasoline, color: green, overall weight: 600 kg, emission class: none, mast type: other, brakes: other, suspension: other, Year of construction: 2026, Equipment: low noise, TICAB BS-1000 & BS-1000SP Bitumen Emulsion Sprayers | Professional Asphalt Spraying Equipment Whether you need a trailer-mounted solution or a self-propelled unit with enhanced mobility, the BS-1000 series delivers outstanding performance in demanding jobsite conditions while helping reduce material waste, labor costs, and project completion times. Maximize the efficiency and quality of your road maintenance operations with the TICAB BS-1000 and BS-1000SP Bitumen Emulsion Sprayers. Engineered for precision, durability, and productivity, these professional asphalt spraying machines provide uniform application of bitumen emulsion for road construction, pavement preservation, and asphalt repair projects. Key Benefits ✔ 1000-liter tank capacity for extended operation and higher productivity ✔ Available in two configurations: BS-1000 – trailer-mounted for convenient transportation and flexible deployment BS-1000SP – self-propelled version for superior maneuverability and jobsite efficiency ✔ High-precision spraying system ensures consistent and uniform bitumen distribution ✔ Optimized spray control minimizes material consumption and improves application quality ✔ Compact and maneuverable design for urban roads, confined spaces, and maintenance projects ✔ Easy operation and maintenance for maximum uptime ✔ Built with heavy-duty components for long-term reliability and durability Ideal Applications • Asphalt pavement maintenance • Pothole repair and patching operations • Crack sealing preparation • Tack coat application • Prime coat and bond coat spraying Ijdpfex U Arfox Aqujau • Surface dressing and chip sealing • Road rehabilitation and resurfacing projects • Municipal road maintenance programs • Highway and infrastructure construction Designed for Professionals The TICAB BS-1000 and BS-1000SP are trusted solutions for road contractors, municipalities, paving companies, and infrastructure maintenance teams seeking reliable and cost-effective asphalt spraying equipment. By delivering precise emulsion application and exceptional mobility, these machines help improve pavement quality, extend road service life, and increase overall project profitability. Why Choose TICAB? • Proven road maintenance technology • High productivity with reduced operating costs • Reliable performance in demanding environments • User-friendly design and fast deployment • Worldwide delivery and technical support Request a Quote Today Contact our team for pricing, technical specifications, customization options, and international delivery. Discover how the TICAB BS-1000 and BS-1000SP can elevate your road maintenance and asphalt repair operations.

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1995, operating hours: 2,612 h, Since 1972, your reliable partner for all matters concerning automobiles and commercial vehicles in 28832 Achim at the Bremer Kreuz. NutzfahrzeugZentrum Behnke always has around 200 vehicles available, including vans, commercial vehicles, and construction machinery! We continuously offer you attractive financing options at special reduced rates. If you are interested, we are happy to prepare an individual offer for you! Ijdey Aqmmspfx Aqusau Trade-ins of your commercial vehicle or construction machinery are welcome. If you require a new TÜV inspection, we will gladly provide you with an offer from one of our partner workshops. Our offers generally do NOT include a new TÜV inspection unless otherwise specified. Delivery of your "new" commercial vehicle is possible through our external partners at an additional cost. The information provided in advertisements, online, on price tags, and in images is non-binding and does not constitute guaranteed characteristics. The seller assumes no liability or guarantee for typographical or data transmission errors. Listed features should be verified separately as needed. Subject to errors and prior sale.

Condition: good (used), Asphalt plant central tower with screening unit, mixer, bucket elevators… Capacity: 160 tonnes/hour Iedpfx Ajy Hf Duoqueau

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2006, Complete AMMANN asphalt mixing plant Dryer drum with burner: 2006 Filter: 2014 ERMIIS automation: 2013 Iedpfx Aqoxqpvtoujau Capacity: 160 tons/hour Machine currently being dismantled

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2011, TOP TOWER 3000 asphalt mixing plant comprising: Ermont dryer drum + CBS burner + filter and hopper below filter + mixer, 6 dosing hoppers. 2 bitumen storage silos. Year: 2011. Capacity: 200 tons/hour. Iedpfjxpm Ttex Aqujau

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2006, Complete Ermont asphalt mixing plant Ijdpfx Aoxuwurjqueau AE feeders: 2005 Ermont drum: 2006 ERMIS control station: 2011 Capacity: 170 tonnes/hour

Condition: good (used), 2 stainless steel emulsion tanks, each with a capacity of 40 m³ for asphalt mixes, suitable for use with emulsion or bitumen Diameter: 3.15 m Length: 12.40 m Iedpfxexy Ivqj Aqujau

Condition: good (used), Asphalt mixer Capacity: 400 tons/hour Iodpfjx U T T Tox Aqueau

Condition: new, functionality: fully functional, color: other, Year of construction: 2026, *All of our products are made with care and covered for 1 year warranty! *Installation and Operator Training FREE COMPACT series Stationary Concrete Batching Plants provide satisfaction of all levels need with practical and effective solutions. Stationary concrete batching plants can easily and efficiently reach high capacity production of homogeneous concrete mixture. Iajdpezarw Hjfx Aqusu COMPACT series have easy operating system and lowest investment costs. In addition, the plant provides the use of enterprise resources accurately, so that gaining time-saving will transform to more earnings. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS: Model: COMPACT 60 Production capacity: 60 m3 Mixer type: Twinshaft mixer 1 m3 Cement weighing: 600 kg Additives weighing: 30 kg Water weighing: 250 kg Cement silo is optional. COMPACT-60 consists of: • Aggregate Storage Bunker • Aggregate Weighing Hopper • Aggregate Weighing Conveyor • Aggregate Transfer Conveyor or Bucket System • Twinshaft Mixer • Mixer Chassis, Walking Platforms, Ladder • Water Weighing Hopper • Cement Weighing Hopper • Admixture Weighing Hopper • Air Compressor • Cement Screw Conveyor • Bolted Cement Silo • Top Filter, Safety Valve and Accessories • Control Cabinnet with Air Conditioner • PC and Automation System • Control and Power Panel FOR FURTHER INFORMATION PLEASE FEEL FREE TO CALL US!!!

Condition: new, functionality: fully functional, color: other, Year of construction: 2026, *All of our products are made with care and covered for 1 year warranty! *Installation and Operator Training FREE COMPACT series Stationary Concrete Batching Plants provide satisfaction of all levels need with practical and effective solutions. Stationary concrete batching plants can easily and efficiently reach high capacity production of homogeneous concrete mixture. COMPACT series have easy operating system and lowest investment costs. In addition, the plant provides the use of enterprise resources accurately, so that gaining time-saving will transform to more earnings. . TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS: Iedpfx Aqszarv Nsuoau Model: COMPACT 180 Production capacity: 180 m3 Mixer type: Twinshaft – 4.5 m3 Aggragate bunker: 5x30 m3 Cement weighing: 2000 kg Additives weighing: 2x50 kg Water weighing: 1000 lt Cement silo is optional. COMPACT 180 consist of: • Aggregate Storage Hopper • Aggregate Weighing Hopper • Aggregate Transfer Conveyor or Bucket System • Twinshaft Mixer • Mixer Chassis, Walking Platforms, Ladder • Water Weighing Hopper • Cement Weighing Hopper • Admixture Weighing Hopper • Air Compressor • Cement Screw Conveyor • Bolted Cement Silo • Top Filter, Safety Valve and Accessories • Control Cabinnet • PC and Automation System • Control and Power Panel FOR FURTHER INFORMATION PLEASE FEEL FREE TO CALL US!!!

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2019, operating hours: 5,532 h, Equipment: ABS, all wheel drive, soot filter, Finished SD2500WS PLUS T4F* weather protection canopy * Air conditioning * Seat heating * Auxiliary heater * Leveling system/cross-slope control * Automatic central lubrication system for paver and/or screed * Infinitely variable hydrostatic drive * Front axle is a tandem bogie axle * Diesel engine Cummins QSB 6.7 - EUIV(T4f) * All-wheel drive (2 x rear wheels + 4 x front wheels) * Pave Manager 2.0 Advanced Ijdpjy T Ukdofx Aqusau * PLC electrical system (CAN bus), ECO mode, 24 V electrical system * Wheel track stone guard * Mixing hopper with individual control * Hydraulic front hopper * Tamper rollers with shock absorption * Reversible slat conveyor with double slats and individual control of the conveyor belt halves * Automatic shut-off via mechanical paddles * Hydraulic screw conveyor with height scale * Two reversible screw halves (380 mm) * Ultrasonic sensors in the screw conveyor * Hydraulic screed locking mechanism * Side-mounted operator station with weather protection canopy * Variable control panel with push buttons and 7" multifunction display * Two heated Grammer comfort seats * Four LED headlights (2 x front + 2 x rear) * Dynalink Advanced - telematics system * Hyd. Syst. for Pave Manager Adv. * SD2500WS THERMO with LightAssist (Paver) ----Vario screed V 5100 TV PM+* Vario screed with gas heating * Basic width 2.55 m, hydraulically extendable to 5.1 m * Compaction system: tamper and vibration * Base plate: Hardox 500 * Hydraulic roof profile adjustment * Two external controls incl. leveling electronics * Leveling system: Mobamatic 2+1 * FRONT-WHEEL DRIVE CAN BE ACTIVATED FOR WORK ----Additional equipment and accessories* Screw conveyor 380 mm 4.42 m * Connection kit V5100/6000 * Rotating beacon * Fire extinguisher * First aid kit * Smoke extraction system * LIMITED SD2500WS THERMO * Hyd. Syst. for Pave Manager Adv. * LightAssist (Paver) * Lighting for screw conveyor area * LED headlights for screed left + right * 12V socket * HEATED SCREW CONVEYOR * Spray system 25L with hose * High-performance front-wheel drive * Tool kit * SetAssist (transport position) * TRUCKASSIST ADVANCED * Thermo hopper * Folding material guide * Weather protection house * Hydraulic oil drain hose * STVZO - lift axle * prepared for * Operating manual + parts list (USB) * Operating manual * Parts list * Set of drawings A3 * Leveling system: Mobamatic 2+1 * Vario screed V 5100 TV PM+ * Side guards OBT (G) PM * Level for screed * Holder for cross-slope sensor Moba * Holder for height sensor MobaGrade 1x * Screed width measurement * LightAssist (Screed) * DYNAPLUS12 ----Vehicle number 12111 Errors and prior sale subject to change

Condition: new, functionality: fully functional, gearing type: other, fuel type: diesel, color: silver, emission class: none, mast type: other, brakes: other, suspension: other, Year of construction: 2026, Equipment: low noise, trailer coupling, TICAB HB 2 Asphalt Hot Box | Thermal Container for Hot Mix Transport Ijdpfx Aox Uqt Rjquoau With premium insulation and an advanced diesel heating system, it ensures consistent mix quality for superior patching, resurfacing, and pavement rehabilitation. The TICAB HB 2 is a professional thermal hot box engineered to transport and hold hot mix asphalt at working temperature from the plant to the job site with minimal heat loss. Key Features High-efficiency thermal container with premium mineral wool insulation — heat retention up to 12 hours Beckett diesel heating system with automatic temperature control for stable mix temperature in cold weather Mountable on a truck body or trailer frame for flexible job-site mobility Heavy-duty construction for municipal roads, highways, parking lots, bike paths, driveways, and industrial areas Hydraulic lift unloading system and top loading hatch for fast loading and easy discharge Capacity: ~1.5–1.8 m³ (up to ~4 tons of hot asphalt) — ideal for medium to large repairs Applications Road and highway repair and maintenance Pothole patching and resurfacing Hot mix asphalt transport and thermal storage Pavement rehabilitation and paving preparation Supplying hot mix to asphalt pavers on site Why Choose the TICAB HB 2 Reliable temperature control, excellent insulation, and operator-friendly design make the HB 2 a dependable solution for contractors, paving companies, and municipalities that demand consistent hot mix quality and efficient road repair workflows. Contact us today for pricing, delivery options, warranty details, and full technical specifications. Ready for immediate deployment to boost your asphalt repair productivity.

Condition: ready for operation (used), functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 2008, machine/vehicle number: 0820.0545, Fully functional Iaodpjyl In Sofx Aqueu

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2019, operating hours: 4,600 h, Internal vehicle number: G400104 German vehicle Available immediately at our yard in Kaufungen - Kassel More information: * Luis Lucena (German, English, Spanish, French) * Viktoria Sologubova (Polish, Russian, Ukrainian, English) Platform extensions AB 500-3 Continuously extendable from 2.55 to 5.00 m Extendable to up to 8 m with widening elements Financing example: * Internal number: Aswalt * Purchase price: 134,900.00 € * Down payment: 10% * Term: 60 * Monthly rate: 2,095.02 € Residual value: 25,380.00 € If you are interested in this offer or would like to customize it to your needs, please contact us (Mr. Enchev). We look forward to your call. Errors and omissions excepted. We would be happy to accept your used vehicle as a trade-in. Financing is available directly with us. GOLEC COMMERCIAL VEHICLES GMBH We speak: German, English, Spanish, Polish, Ukrainian, Russian, Bulgarian. Isdpjyxa Raefx Aquoau

Condition: new, functionality: fully functional, power: 45 kW (61.18 HP), gearing type: other, fuel type: gas, color: green, overall weight: 250 kg, emission class: none, mast type: other, brakes: other, Year of construction: 2026, Equipment: low noise, TICAB HB 1 Asphalt Hot Box & Recycler The TICAB HB 1 is a compact, professional solution for efficient road repair, pothole patching, hot mix transport, and on-site asphalt recycling. Designed for everyday field work, it keeps asphalt at the right temperature while turning reclaimed material into reusable mix—saving time and cutting material costs. Ideal for municipal streets, highways, parking lots, driveways, and industrial pavements. Iedpfex U Ap Dsx Aqusau Key Benefits 0.4 m³ capacity for practical, job-site productivity Infrared heating system with propane burner for consistent, even asphalt temperature Recycles old asphalt into workable hot mix, reducing waste and expenses Mobile, durable construction for tough road conditions Simple operation for contractors, road crews, and municipalities Improve repair quality, minimize downtime, and make better use of existing asphalt. Contact us today for pricing, delivery options, and full technical specifications—and upgrade your asphalt repair and recycling efficiency.