Used Rambaudi Cnc Vertical Milling Machine for sale (66,060)

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2012, functionality: fully functional, travel distance X-axis: 1,000 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 510 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 560 mm, table length: 1,200 mm, table width: 500 mm, table load: 500 kg, CNC Vertical Milling Machine DEFUM AFM BACA R1000 Vertical milling machine DEFUM AFM BACA R1000 available for sale, suitable for precise machining in both single-piece and serial production. The machine features a rigid construction ensuring stable and efficient operation. The machine is available for inspection upon prior arrangement. Technical specifications: Table: Working area: 1200 × 500 mm Number of T-slots: 5 T-slot width: 14 mm T-slot spacing: 100 mm Max. table load: 500 kg Travels: X-axis (longitudinal): 1000 mm Y-axis (cross): 510 mm Z-axis (vertical): 560 mm Spindle: Bwodpfxoywvtns Ak Eel Tool taper: BT40 Speed range: 45 – 10,000 rpm Tool magazine: Number of tools: 16 + 16 Dimensions and weight: Length: approx. 2950 mm Width: approx. 2300 mm Height: approx. 2750 mm Weight: approx. 4000 kg Additional information: Transport can be arranged Machine testing possible upon request Technical support and consulting available

Condition: used, CNC 3+2 axis vertical machining center DECKEL MAHO type DMU 35 M CNC control SIEMENS 810D with ShopMill Manufacturer no. 11065353554 Year of manufacture 2001 Travel paths: X: 350 mm, Y: 240 mm, Z: 340 mm Table movements: C-axis: 360° Swivel range: +105° / -15° Universal swivel - rotary table: 400 x 290 mm, center hole 30H6 Table load: max. 100 kg Distance spindle nose - table: min. 145 mm to max. 485 mm Feed rate: 5,000 mm/min Rapid traverse (X / Y / Z): 5 m/min Input resolution: 0.01 mm Total power requirement: 15 kVA Speed range - main spindle: 20 - 6,300 min/-1 Drive power - main spindle: 6.3 / 10 kW (100% / 40% ED) Torque: max. 55 / 80 Nm Tool holder: SK 40 DIN 69871 Pull bolt: DIN 69872 or ISO 7388/2 Type B Interface: Serial RS232C, LAN (RJ45) Power connection: 400 volts, 50 Hz, 15 kVA Compressed air connection: 6 bar - CNC control Siemens Sinumerik 810D with ShopMill V05.03.22, NCU 03.03.34-CCU1E, MMC103 - 3-axis controlled (X, Y and Z axis) - Manual swivel rotary table, C axis = table rotation 360°, B-axis = swivel range +105°/ -15° - direct path measuring system for all 5 axes - electronic handwheel - spindle drive via servo motor with toothed belt and 2 gear stages Bwjdovt D D Uepfx Ak Esl - fully protected cabin with sliding door - swiveling control panel - coolant nozzles on the vertical head - chip tray with coolant container and cooling lubricant pump - work area lighting - documentation available space requirement L x W x H 2000 x 2000 x 2100 mm weight 1750 kg good condition

Condition: used, Machine has a defect in the main spindle CNC vertical machining center CHIRON type FZ 22 L high speed Machining center with CNC control FANUC Series 21-M serial no. 179-98 year of construction 1999 Travel X: 2000 mm, Y: 520 mm, Z: 630 mm Table size 2700 x 570 mm Table load 525 kg (per meter) Tool holder SK 40 (DIN 69871) Drilling capacity 35 mm Tapping capacity M27 Tool diameter 75 mm Diameter with free secondary positions 105 mm Tool change speed tool - tool 2.0 sec. Tool change speed from chip to chip 4.8 sec. Distance spindle nose - table 190 to 820 mm Spindle speed max. 10,500 rpm Main spindle drive max. 18.5 kW Mains connection 400 Volt, 50 Hz, 32 kVA - Pendulum machining over 2 work areas (partition wall missing) - CNC control FANUC Series 21-M - Tool changer 40-fold - IKZ = internal coolant supply through the spindle - Spray protection cabin with sliding door - Indirect measuring system - Coolant device with chip conveyor opposite Bwjdpfjquhbgsx Ak Ejl - Electronic handwheel Transport dimensions of the basic machine L x W x H 4600 x 2470 x 2950 mm Weight of the machine approx. 7.5 tons. Transport space requirement on the truck L x W x H 12000 x 2470 x 2950 mm Transport Weight on the truck approx. 10 ton. Weight 7.2 tons. good condition - machine has a defect on the main spindle

Condition: used, As-new CNC Vertical Machining Center, Milling Machine VMC, BAZ, HSC Milling, Machining Center TAIKAN B540Z Serial No. 1171009 Year of manufacture: 2017 CNC path control: SIEMENS Sinumerik 828 D Basic Travel range for working area X: 488 mm, Y: 400 mm, Z: 230 mm X-axis travel for tool change position X: 540 mm Table size 520 x 400 mm Spindle taper ISO 25 Distance spindle nose - table 165 - 395 mm Max. spindle speed 36,000 rpm, infinitely variable Feed rate 0 to 10,000 mm/min Rapid traverse 15 m/min Table load capacity 200 kg Max. tool length 120 mm Max. tool diameter 80 mm Bodpfx Akjw Ed U Ne Eowl Max. tool weight 0.8 kg Tool change time approx. 10 sec. Axis drives 0.8 kW each Spindle drive 3.5 kW at 100% duty cycle Electrical connection 400 Volt, 50 Hz, 7.5 kW CNC path control SIEMENS Sinumerik 828 D Basic - Software: NCU V04.05+SP06+HF01 - Interfaces: LAN, USB and CF-Card - Measuring system for tool setting: METROL tool sensor - Vertical milling spindle = high-frequency spindle with liquid cooling and external recooling unit - Tool changer with 13 tool stations - Electronic handwheel - Coolant system - Protective enclosure with sliding door - Central lubrication - incl. 10 tool holders ISO 25 with ER20 collet chuck and a set of collets Transport dimensions (L x W x H): 1800 x 1500 x 2300 mm Weight: 2,900 kg Excellent condition – as new Machine comes from a showroom with very few operating hours.

Condition: used, CNC Vertical Machining Center HURCO Type BMC 25/M Serial No: ZB9-001-052 Year of manufacture: approx. 1995 Bwedpew Nklhsfx Ak Ejl Travel distances X: 610 mm, Y: 410 mm, Z: 560 mm Table size (clamping surface) 845 x 400 mm Table size (with coolant groove) 1050 x 500 mm Spindle taper SK 40 Distance spindle nose - table 155 - 710 mm Table load capacity max. 500 kg Overhang 420 mm Spindle speed max. 10,000 rpm Feed rate 3 to 5080 mm/min Rapid traverse 10 m/min Spindle drive approx. 5.5 kW Power supply 400 Volt, 50 Hz - CNC path control Ultimax 3 with two TFT monitors - Electronic handwheel - Indirect measuring system with rotary encoders on the ballscrew - Tool changer with 20 tool stations - Full enclosure with sliding door - Swiveling control panel - Yaskawa (Japan) spindle drives - Pneumatic-mechanical tool clamp - Without coolant system – pump included – coolant tray missing Machine width 2400 mm Space requirement for transport L x W x H = 3000 x 2400 x 2650 mm Weight 4200 kg Good condition

Condition: used, CNC Vertical Machining Center HURCO Type BMC 30/M Serial No: B3M92202056AB : 9650234 Year of construction 1996 CNC path control Ultimax 3 Travel X: 760 mm, Y: 460 mm, Z: 610 mm Table size (clamping surface) 1010 x 400 mm Table size (with water groove) 1120 x 500 mm Spindle holder SK 40 Distance spindle nose - table 150 - 760 mm Projection 450 mm Spindle speed 80 to 8000 rpm infinitely variable Feed rate 3 to 16,000 mm/min. Rapid traverse 24 m/min. Spindle drive 7.5 kW at 30 min / 5.5 kW at 100% Mains connection 400 Volt, 50 Hz - CNC path control Ultimax 3 (with hardware update e.g. TFT monitors) - Electronic handwheel - Indirect measuring system with rotary encoders on the ball screw spindle - Tool changer with 24 tool positions - Fully protected cabin with sliding door Bjdpfx Akjtrhq Hj Eewl - Rotating control panel - spindle drives Yaskawa (Japan) - pneum. mechanical tool clamp - Coolant unit adjacent, pushed under from behind - trough rinsing Machine width 2400 mm Space required for transportation L x W x H 3400 x 2400 x 2550 mm Weight approx. 4800 kg good condition

Condition: not inspected (used), JAFO FYN 50 NB – CNC Vertical Milling Machine For sale is a CNC vertical milling machine from JAFO, model FYN 50 NB, year of manufacture 1988. The machine is fully operational and ideal for precise milling operations on workpieces up to 700 kg including clamping device. ⸻ Technical Data • Travel (X/Y/Z): 800 × 500 × 500 mm • Table working area: 500 × 1,400 mm • Number of T-slots: 7 • Slot width: 18 mm • Slot pitch: 63 mm • Max. longitudinal table travel: 800 mm • Max. vertical knee travel: 500 mm • Max. transverse spindle head travel: 500 mm • Feed rate: stepless 0–4,000 mm/min • Spindle taper: ISO 50 • Head swivel angle: ±45° • Distance spindle axis to vertical guides: max. 590/90 mm • Spindle speed: 56–1,800 rpm • Rapid traverse: 4,000 mm/min • Spindle drive motor power: 5.5 kW • Operating voltage: 380 V, control voltage 24 V • Total power consumption: 10 kW • Dimensions (L×W×H): 2,080 × 1,700 × 2,260 mm • Total weight incl. hydraulic unit: 4.5 t ⸻ Equipment & Features • Vertical, swivelling milling spindle on a transversely adjustable ram • Hydromechanical tool clamping system • Separate feed drives with DC motors and permanent magnets • Power transmission via toothed belt to preloaded ball screws • Automatic lubrication system for spindle drive and guideways • Hydraulic counterweight for the knee • Manual adjustment via electronic handwheel • Heidenhain control at the swivelling control panel, control cabinet mounted on the machine base • Documentation and operating manual included • Additional images and videos available upon request ⸻ The machine is immediately ready for operation. • Inspection possible at any time • Europe-wide transport available ⸻ Contact Maschinenhandel Nord Gerstenstraße 2 17034 Neubrandenburg 📞 All prices net plus VAT. Subject to modifications and errors. Bodjxk Tzgopfx Ak Eowl

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1991, CNC Vertical Milling Machine RAMBAUDI type RAMMATIC 600 Travel X 1260 mm Travel Y 690 mm Travel Z 600 mm Numerical Command NUM 1060 Cone SA 50 Table size 2000 x 600 mm Year of construction 1991 Voltage 380 V Bedpjxxlr Tefx Ak Eowl Depth 2500 mm Total height 4000 mm Weight: approx 9 T

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 1992, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 06651, travel distance X-axis: 6,800 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 3,700 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 1,500 mm, feed rate X-axis: 15 m/min, feed rate Y-axis: 15 m/min, feed rate Z-axis: 10 m/min, total length: 15,000 mm, total width: 7,500 mm, spindle speed (max.): 4,000 rpm, total height: 7,000 mm, table height: 1,100 mm, rapid traverse X-axis: 15 m/min, rapid traverse Y-axis: 15 m/min, rapid traverse Z-axis: 10 m/min, distance between stands: 3,300 mm, type of input current: three-phase, table load: 50,000 kg, rotational speed (max.): 4,000 rpm, distance table center to spindle nose: 2,110 mm, overall weight: 110,000 kg, spindle motor power: 50,000 W, control cabinet length: 7,000 mm, control cabinet height: 2,000 mm, control cabinet width: 600 mm, Equipment: rotational speed infinitely variable, MODEL: Portal Type AGE: 1992 S/N #: 06651 Bwedpoyahv Sefx Ak Ejl CATEGORY: Mills, Planer Type, CNC CAPACITY: X-Axis Travel: 6800 mm Y-Axis Head Travel: 3700 mm Z-Axis Ram Stroke: 1500 mm, fixed crossrail Ram Cross Section: 500 mm x 500 mm Distance Between Columns: 3300 mm Distance Table To Ram Face: 2110 mm, vertical passage 2000 mm Table Size: 6000 x 2500 mm Spindle (Quill) Diameter: 250 mm Spindle Taper: ISO #50 Spindle Speeds: 0-4000 RPM Spindle Motor: 50 KW EQUIPPED WITH: FIDIA System C20 CNC Control, new in 2002 CNC biaxial continous milling head Universal Milling Head with Auto Indexing Right Angle Head with Auto Indexing Straight Milling Head Wagons for Head Change and Tool Pick-up Change Hydrostatic Bearings Coolant System Full Length Chip Conveyors both side Way Covers Rapid movements: Z-10.000 mm/min, X and Y-15.000 mm/min Table load: max 50.000 kg Weight of the machine: 110.000 kg Outside dimensions: 15.000 x 7.500 x 7050 mm Machine has been tested before dismantling and is fully operational, all mechanical components in excellent condition, electrics new in 2018. Machine available from stock. The price is now SPECIAL FROM STOCK. Once we will reassemble the machine, price will grow significantly. We can assist you to assemble and run up the machine.

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 1990, HEIDENHAIN TNC-355 Working travels 850x500x450mm Table size 1250x500mm Spindle taper 50 Spindle speeds 35,5-1800 rpm Misc.accessories Bwsdpfjfg Ep Dox Ak Ejl MARCELS MASCHINEN CH

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2003, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: VMX1-06203123BEB, travel distance X-axis: 660 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 355 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 455 mm, rapid traverse X-axis: 19 m/min, rapid traverse Y-axis: 19 m/min, rapid traverse Z-axis: 13 m/min, nominal power (apparent): 13 kVA, controller manufacturer: HURCO, controller model: ULTIMAX, total height: 2,600 mm, total length: 2,500 mm, total width: 2,000 mm, table width: 355 mm, table length: 760 mm, table load: 340 kg, overall weight: 3,000 kg, spindle speed (max.): 10,000 rpm, number of slots in tool magazine: 16, mount diameter: 40 mm, input voltage: 400 V, input frequency: 50 Hz, input current: 33 A, HURCO VMX 1 CNC vertical machining center - Note: Without the vises shown in the photos! Bwsdpfx Akjy Iwnzs Eol Attention: The item must be collected between 23.06. and 25.06.2026 on a date to be arranged. FCA D-73230 Kirchheim Teck – loaded onto truck

Condition: used, Make: DISKUS-WERKE, Model: ModuLine DS 300 SO, Year of manufacture: 2013, Machine No.: 2219, Control system: Siemens, Model Sinumerik 840D sl, 2 spindles, spindle distance 210 mm, max. speed approx. 4000 rpm, W-tool spindle / grinding spindle 2000 rpm, max. workpiece diameter 100 mm, max. workpiece height 40 mm, 8-position tool turret, manufacturer Sauter, model 0.5.480.516, tool holder type Capto C5, workpiece automation device, manufacturer DVS, model Moduline, transfer robot manufacturer Epson, PLC system control by Siemens, display with Simatic Panel Touch, coolant system by Knoll, type KF150/950, paper band filter, chip conveyor by Knoll, type 225S-2/170 +++ Note: This machine is part of an online surplus sale! +++ Bwsdpfx Aex Ahg Usk Esl

Condition: used, CNC Lathe DMG MORI SEIKI - GILDEMEISTER Type CTX 310 ecoline Machine No. 8044001846E Year of manufacture: 2013 CNC Control: SIEMENS Sinumerik 840D sl Swing diameter over bedway cover: 330 mm Swing diameter over cross-slide cover: 260 mm Centre height max.: 190 mm Centre distance max.: 580 mm Turning diameter max.: 200 mm Longitudinal slide travel (Z-axis) max.: 450 mm Cross-slide travel (X-axis) max.: 160 mm Spindle bore through draw tube: 51 mm Spindle bore through front bearing: 100 mm Spindle speed max.: 5,000 rpm Feed rate X and Z: mm/min. Rapid traverse X-axis: 30 m/min. Rapid traverse Z-axis: 30 m/min. Feed force X and Z: 4,500 Nm Tool turret: 12 stations Driven tool stations: 6 stations Tool holder cylindrical VDI 30 mm Spindle drive motor power at 100% duty cycle: max. 11 kW Spindle drive motor power at 40% duty cycle: max. 16.5 kW Power supply: 400 Volt, 50 Hz, 21 kVA - CNC control SIEMENS Sinumerik 840D sl, system software NCU V04.04+SP02+HF02 - Controlled C4-axis chuck position and C1-axis for tool turret - 3-jaw chuck AUTOGRIP Ø 210 mm with 1 set of hard jaws and 15 sets of soft jaws - AUTOGRIP hydraulic hollow clamping device - Clamping force adjustment for regulating clamping pressure - Tool turret SAUTER, type 0.5.901.020 with 12 stations (6 driven) - 20 tool holders VDI 30 - Tailstock MK 4 - Indirect measurement system via rotary encoder - Chip conveyor with integrated coolant system - Workpiece residual life display and piece counter as large display on machine enclosure - Control cabinet cooling unit - 9,716 total operating hours (main switch on), of which 3,322 spindle hours as per counter - Operating instructions and manuals Machine footprint with chip conveyor (L x W x H): 4,500 x 2,600 x 2,050 mm Base machine space requirement (L x W x H): 2,900 x 2,150 x 2,050 mm (3,200 kg) Bwedeyk Hrgopfx Ak Eel Chip conveyor space requirement (L x W x H): 3,350 x 850 x 1,650 mm (500 kg) Weight: approx. 4 tons Very good condition

Condition: used, DECKEL MAHO DMU 60T HEIDENHAIN 426 – worktable dimensions (length x width): 900 x 500 mm Bwsdowg Df Djpfx Ak Eel – table load: 350 kg – maximum feeds in the X/Y/Z axes: 600/525/ 500 mm

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 1981, Table work surface: 500 x 1400 mm Bwsdpsy H Igrsfx Ak Ejl Permitted workpiece weight: 1000 kg Strokes: X1050 Y510 Z560 Rapid feed X/Y: 12000 mm/min Rapid feed Z: 10000 mm/min Main spindle motor: 11 kW Video of machine in operation available

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 1986, CNC universal milling machine Make DECKEL Type: FP5NC Bj.1986 control DIALOG 4 Traverse paths: X710mm Y600mm Z500mm Clamping table : 1000mm x 550mm Bwsdpey H Ifbefx Ak Eol Tool clamp: SK40 Feed speed programmable: 2 ... 3600 mm / min Speed: 18 ... 6300 rpm Spindle power: 7.5KW machine in stock.

Condition: excellent (used), EMCO Easy Cycle control Working travels 450 x 350 x 400 mm Table size 800 x 400 mm Boring and milling head turnable + / - 90° Spindle taper SK40 Spindle speeds 10-5'000 rpm Misc.accessories Bodpfx Aoy H Di Aok Eewl MARCELS MASCHINEN CH

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 1999, Available immediately ex location: CNC Vertical Machining Center EMCO Type VMC 600 Year of manufacture: 1999 Heidenhain TNC 426 D Electronic handwheel Travel X/Y/Z: 1200/410/370 mm SK 40 24-position tool magazine Speeds up to 6,000 rpm 3 vices Weight: 4 t Bsdpey I Rdvofx Ak Eowl Price: EUR 6,500.-- plus VAT, ex location SK 40

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 1997, Immediately available from toolmaking: CNC Vertical Machining Center Hedelius Model BC 40 D/20 Year of manufacture 1997 Siemens Sinumerik 840 D 4th axis Table 2 x 1100 x 420 mm Pendulum machining possible Table load 500 kg Travel X/Y/Z 1700/400/400 mm SK 40 20-position tool magazine Bodpfxoy I Rdpo Ak Ejwl Spindle speeds 30 – 6,000 rpm Rapid traverse on all axes 30 m/min Drive power 20 kW Weight 7 t Price: EUR 9,500 excl. VAT, ex location

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2010, Immediately available ex location: CNC bed milling machine Wagner Type WBE 1300 R Year of manufacture: 2010 Siemens Sinumerik 810 D Table 1500 x 400 mm Travel X/Y/Z: 1300/500/570 mm Bedpjy I Rbhjfx Ak Ejwl SK 40 Automatic tool clamping Drive power 12/9 kW Spindle speeds 60 – 8,000 rpm Electronic handwheel Ball screw Vice Various tool holders Weight 4 t Price: EUR 5,500 plus VAT ex location

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2000, Immediately available from location: CNC bed-type milling machine MTE Model Kompakt Plus Year of manufacture 2000 Heidenhain TNC 410 Table 2200 x 750 mm Travel X/Y/Z 2000/800/800 mm Table load capacity 4 t Spindle taper SK 50 Hydraulic tool clamping Bwodpfjy I Ra Dsx Ak Eol Spindle speeds 40 – 2500 rpm Spindle power 15 kW Total power requirement 30 kW Coolant system Weight 12 t At a price of EUR 11,000—plus VAT, ex location

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 1996, Immediately available ex location: CNC universal milling machine Reckermann Type: Primo II Year of manufacture: 1996 Heidenhain TNC 430 control Spindle taper SK 50 Infinitely variable spindle speeds: 20 – 2,000 rpm Table load capacity: 1,000 kg Stepless feed rates: 20 – 6,000 mm/min Travel (X / Y / Z): 1,000 / 400 / 350 mm Drive: 7.5 kW Weight: 4 t Bwodpfx Ajy I N Utek Ejl Price: EUR 2,500 plus VAT, ex location

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 1995, Available immediately ex location: CNC tool milling machine Deckel, type FP 5–80, year of manufacture 1995, CNC control Dialog 12, universal table 750 x 520 mm. Travels X/Y/Z: 800/550/500 mm. Drive power: 9 kW. Quill stroke: 80 mm. Electronic handwheel. Spindle speeds: 32–5000 rpm. Feeds: 0–6000 mm/min. Weight: 4.5 t. Price: EUR 2,750 plus VAT, ex location. Bjdpsy I N T Njfx Ak Ejwl

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2018, Clausing Colchester 4VSQ MLLPWR CNC Turret Milling Machine Acu-rite Mill Power 3 Axis CNC Control Table Size 1370 x 254mm Travels: X – 1050mm Y – 390mm Z (Quill) – 115mm Z (Knee) – 355mm Vari Speed Head Spindle Taper IS040 Spindle Speeds Low 60 – 500rpm Spindle Speeds High 55 – 4300rpm Weight: 1850Kgs 3 Phase Electrics Manufactured: 2018 Complete with: Vice Interlocking Table Guards Air Draw Bar Tooling Packaged (ISO40) Power Rise and Fall to Knee Auto Lube Worklight Coolant & Swarf Guards / Tray *For sale with Jet Machinery Ltd* Jet Machinery Stock No: #79028 Bwodox Af I Aopfx Ak Eel Machine Serial Number: TC0015 Cost: £12,500.00 + VAT Whilst every effort has been made to ensure that the above information is accurate it is not guaranteed. We advise prospective purchasers to check any vital details. Health and Safety At Work Act 1974: It is not reasonably practical for ourselves as suppliers to ensure that for your application the goods comply with requirements of the Act with respect to guarding etc. Prospective purchasers should ensure that a guarding specialist inspect the goods prior to use.

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 1997, Bridgeport Interact 1 Mk2 CNC Milling Machine Heidenhain TNC370 Control Year 1997. 3 Axis Milling Capability XYZ Travels 457 x 305 x 365mm Quill Travel 125mm Spindle Taper ISO30 Weight Apporx 1600kgs. Coolant 3 Phase Electrics Bjdpfxsyzfvmo Ak Ejwl For Sale with Jet Machinery Ltd Jet Machinery Stock Number: #79164 Machine Serial Number: 720889 06 97 £3,950.00 + VAT Whilst every effort has been made to ensure that the above information is accurate it is not guaranteed. We advise prospective purchasers to check any vital details. Health and Safety At Work Act 1974: It is not reasonably practical for ourselves as suppliers to ensure that for your application the goods comply with requirements of the Act with respect to guarding etc. Prospective purchasers should ensure that a guarding specialist inspect the goods prior to use.