Used Thicknesser for sale (172)

Condition: excellent (used), CATALOGUE NUMBER 7186 TECHNICAL DATA - max. planing width 510mm - max. planing height on both sides 170mm - max. planing height on four sides 100mm *from above: - infeed pull shaft, toothed - pawls - pull shaft, toothed - pressure - planing shaft 510mm, 4-knife (2 knives installed) 4kW - pulling shaft, smooth, outfeed *from below: - guide bar - sliding roller - adjustable top with up/down roller - planing shaft 510mm, 2-knife 4kW - 2 smooth, sliding, adjustable shafts *from behind: - 2 side spindles + pressure - 1) vertical right 100mm 2.35kW - 2) vertical left 100mm 2.35kW - spindle diameter 35mm - spindles adjustable up/down, right/left - manual setting of planing thickness Ibsdpfoqcvc Iex Afijc - 4 types of feed speed - feed motor 1.5kW - dimensions length/width/height 1940x1320x1140mm - weight 1330kg ADVANTAGES – ideal for processing logs, flooring, etc. – manufactured by the German brand KUPFERMUHLE – used planer, very good condition Net price: PLN 32900 Net price: EUR 7740 Net price calculated according to the exchange rate of PLN 4.25/EUR (with greater exchange rate fluctuations, the price may change)

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2025, Dimensions and weights Length approx. 2000 mm width/depth approx. 1110 mm Weight approx. 430 kg Dressing table Feed table length 1034 mm chip removal max. 5 mm Connection suction Suction port diameter thickness 2 x 120 mm Thickness working height min. 3 mm working height max. 230 mm Chip removal max. 5 mm Electrical data Power drive motor 5 kW Supply voltage 400 V Mains frequency 50 Hz Planing cutterhead Type TERSA Number of planing knives 4 pcs Speed 5200 min¯¹ Max. planing width 410 mm Feed rate Ijdohkz E Tjpfx Afiobc speed 6 / 12 m/min TERSA planing knife system enables particularly quiet running. Diagonally toothed steel feed roller for constant and even material feed Material feed with two speeds Numerical display for thicknessing table height The 2,000 mm long dressing tables allow easy dressing of large workpieces. Working tables are made of grey cast iron, annealed and stress relieved, thus insensitive and permanently flat Stable large aluminium dressing fence with round rod guide (1200 x 160 mm) Thicknessing table adjustment via handwheel with numerical display for planing height The high machine weight ensures maximum precision and smooth running. Powerful industrial motor Robust steel/cast iron construction Equipment details Dressing fence Stable, large dressing fence made of aluminium (1200 x 160 mm) With precise round bar guide Suction hose connection The suction ports for dressing and thicknessing point in the same direction during dressing and thicknessing. The dressing

Condition: excellent (used), TECHNICAL PARAMETERS: PLAIER - shaft width 400mm - 3-knife shaft - adjustable guide at an angle - length of tops 2200mm - both tops adjustable THICKNESSING MACHINE: - max. thickness of the processed element on the thicknesser 200mm - cover for the thicknesser shaft *from above: pawls input shaft pulling, toothed, torsional pressures planing shaft pressure - output shaft pulling, smooth - main engine 4kW Ibsdpfxjwhgizs Afiec MACHINE DIMENSIONS: - length: 2200mm - width: 1300mm - height: 1200mm Weight 950 kg Where can you see our machines? JBS MACHINES WOODEN WOLICA DRUGA 26 23-310 MODLIBORZYCE There is a possibility of testing the machine on site The possibility of financing the machine through leasing or installments. WE ORGANIZE TRANSPORT

Condition: like new (used), Year of construction: 2021, SCM thickness planer Planing width 410mm 4 knives 2 feed speeds digital display of planing height on thicknesser 220cm length of planer tops electric brake CE mark adjustable culaga aligner, Ibsdpfsulafhjx Afisc checked machine, perfect condition, like new weight 550kg

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2000, functionality: fully functional, – very good condition – Italian manufacture – year of production: 2000 TECHNICAL PARAMETERS: SURFACE PLANER: – working width: 410 mm – number of knives: 3 pcs – infeed table dimensions: 1030 x 410 mm – outfeed table dimensions: 930 x 410 mm – adjustable fence – noise-reducing comb THICKNESSER: – planing height: 3–230 mm – shaft diameter: 72 mm – shaft speed: 5300 rpm Iodpfoxl D Nqox Afiebc – table size: 700 x 410 mm – feed speed: 7 m/min – main motor: 4 kW – machine dimensions (L/W/H): 200 / 90 / 120 cm – weight: 400 kg

Condition: excellent (used), Double-sided planing (top and bottom) Working width: 610 mm Working height: 152 mm Bottom motor power: 15 kW Ijdpfexm Shkjx Afisbc Material removal: 12.7 mm Electrically adjustable working height Maximum feed speed: 30 m/min Automatic lubrication system Total power: 50 kW

Condition: excellent (used), Planer-thicknesser HOLZKRAFT FS41E TERSA - used - TERSA cutterblock, Table opening to the rear, Helically serrated feed roller, Sound-insulated, Dust-tested ----- Technical Data ----- Planing width: 410 mm, Table length: 2,000 mm, Number of knives: 4 pieces, Planer fence tilt range: 0-45°, Pass-through height: 230 mm, Min. workpiece thickness: 3 mm, Feed speed: 6/12 m/min, Extraction port: 120 mm, Motor power: 7 kW (S6), Year of manufacture: 2021 Quality information: - Planer tables adjusted - Infeed and outfeed rollers checked and adjusted - Table guides checked / readjusted - Cutterblock newly mounted - Complete basic inspection Isdpfexk T N Dex Afijbc - Complete basic cleaning - Electrical system checked - Immediately ready for use

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2025, Holzkraft Combined planer-thicknesser - immediately available - Ideal for demanding craftsmen and carpenters The extra long planing tables made of one piece allow easy planing of the workpieces Working tables are made of grey cast iron, thus insensitive and permanently flat Dressing tables open simultaneously to the rear with tension spring support for fast and convenient changeover Thanks to the permanently mounted suction hood, it is not necessary to change the suction hose during retooling, which saves valuable working time. Diagonally toothed steel infeed roller ensures constant and even wood infeed Rubber outfeed roller in the outfeed of the thickness ensures even wood outfeed Material feed with four speeds Planer thickness table adjustment via handwheel with integrated display for planer height DIGITAL version: with electric thicknessing table height adjustment and digital display On/off switch in operator position Powerful industrial motor The high machine weight ensures highest precision and smooth running. Preparation for slotted hole drilling device Quality Made in Italy Dimensions and weights Length approx. 2250 mm width/depth approx. 1370 mm Kdf9ktm Weight approx. 695 kg Dresser Total length of tables 2250 mm chip removal max. 5 mm fence length 1200 mm fence height 150 mm Dust extraction connection suction nozzle diameter thickness 1 x 120 mm Ibedpfxoih Dxde Afiec Drive power main motor 7 kW Installation information Space requirement length 2250 mm Space requirement width/depth 1440 mm Explanation of space requirements The dimensions take into account maximum travel distances or effective lengths. Thickness Thickness table Length 850 mm Thickness table width 520 mm Working height min. 3 mm Working height max. 240 mm working length min. 220 mm chip removal max. 5 mm Electrical data Supply voltage 400 V Phase(s) 3 Ph Type of current AC Mains frequency 50 Hz Planer cutterhead Type TERSA diameter 120 mm Number of planing knives 4 pcs Speed 5000 min¯¹ planing width max. 520 mm Feed rate speed 5/8/12/18 m/min Location: Ex stock 54634 Bitburg - immediately available -

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2025, Silent Power spiral cutterhead with carbide reversible knives, EURO KOMFORT jointer guard, jointer cutterhead 510 mm, jointer table length 2250 mm, thicknesser cutterhead 504 mm, thickness range min. - max. 3 - 254 mm, min. workpiece length: 250 mm, max. cutting depth: 8 mm, electric thickness adjustment with digital display, feed speed from 4-16 m/min. Location: Customer Ibodpfx Aexgqylefijc

Condition: excellent (used), Thickneser Planer Hofmann 630 Ibsdpfx Asxiv U Hsfisc 4 standard knives, 2 rollers in the table, 3 top feed rollers, electric table lift, table extension. The machine is in very good condition and runs quietly. Transport available.

Condition: excellent (used), Catalog number 6309 TECHNICAL DATA PLAIER: - shaft width 510mm - 3-knife shaft - adjustable guide at an angle - length of the tops 1910mm - both tops adjustable THICKNESSING MACHINE: - max. thickness of the processed element on the thicknesser 200mm - cover for the thicknesser shaft from above: - pawls - pulling input shaft, toothed - planing shaft - pulling output shaft, smooth - smooth feed speed adjustment 7-14m/min Ibedeg Tl Rwjpfx Afioc - main motor approx. 4kW - shaft revolutions 3000/6000 - dimensions length/width/height 1910x870x970mm - weight 780kg – production Italian – very good condition, used machine Net price: PLN 14,500 Net price: EUR 3,420 Net price calculated according to the exchange rate of PLN 4.25/EUR (in case of larger exchange rate fluctuations the price may change)

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2025, VERSION with the most powerful engine with a total power of S6: 2.6kW. A more powerful engine means stable operation and easy processing of hard materials: Hardwood requires more force for processing. A powerful engine will handle this without a problem. The latest version of the machine with an innovative tabletop opening system: Competitive old-type machines have "butterfly" tabletops. Before each start of work, the feed table and the receiving table should be calibrated with each other. Even small differences between them lead to damage in the material, giving undesirable effects. The new solution of connected tabletops allows for precise adjustment of both tables at the same time! Thanks to this, once set, the tables are permanently calibrated. When changing the planing height, both tables move simultaneously. Such a solution not only saves time, makes work with the machine more convenient, but also increases the precision of planing by 30% compared to the old solution. This is very important, especially when working with thinner materials. Trouble-free change from a planer to a thicknesser. The transition from planer to thicknesser is very quick and easy. It consists of unlocking the eccentrics and lifting the tables and moving the chip extraction cover. Work precision. Smooth height adjustment of the tops with a scale. The thicknesser table mounted centrally on the column has a knob for adjusting the setting up and down Aluminum swinging ruler (700x150 mm) with a scale strip allowing for precise setting at an angle in the range of 90-45 degrees. Technical parameters Knife shaft diameter 75 mm Knife shaft speed 4000 rpm Suction nozzle diameter 100 mm Swing ruler tilt angle 90–45° Number of knives 3 Shaft length 250 mm Knife dimensions 250x30x3 mm Maximum planer width 250 mm Maximum thicknesser width 250 mm Maximum planing height 180 mm Iodpfx Afsvxh A Soisbc Maximum thicknesser cutting depth 3 mm Maximum planer cutting depth 2.5 mm Thicknesser feed speed 6 m/min Fence size 700 x 150 mm Machine dimensions (length x width) 1080 x 269 mm Weight 175 kg Total engine power S1: 2.2 kW S6: 2.6 kW Power supply 400V

Condition: new, -Motorized thicknessing table lift with two speeds -Numerical display for working height -Gray cast iron thicknessing table -The thicknessing table is mounted on four large trapezoidal thread spindles for maximum stability and precision -Four feed speeds -Optional with two rollers in the thicknessing table -Standard with noise protection and chip protection curtains at the workpiece inlet and outlet -Adjustable roller contact pressure -Front feed roller with helical gearing -Rubber-coated feed roller -Powerful industrial motor Manufacturer SCM Group S.p.A. Iedpou T Hq Esfx Afisbc Via del Lavoro 1/3-Po box 168, 36016 Thiene-Vicenza, Italy Dimensions and weights: - Length (product) approx.: 1305 mm - Width/depth (product) approx.: 1080 mm - Weight (net) approx.: 750 kg Extraction connection: - Extraction nozzle diameter, thickness: 150 mm Installation information: - Space required length: 1305 mm - Space required width/depth: 1080 mm - Space required height: 1197 mm - Explanation of space requirements: The dimensions take into account the maximum travel distances or usable lengths. - Machine body length: 1305 mm - Machine body width/depth: 725 mm - Working area length: 1000 mm - Working area width/depth: 2000 mm - Explanation of the working area: Please add the specified dimensions to the space required to determine the recommended free installation area for the machine. Thickness: - Thickness table length: 630 mm - Thickness table width: 1000 mm - Minimum working height (thickness): 3.5 mm - Maximum working height (thickness): 300 mm - Minimum working length (thickness): 210 mm - Maximum chip removal (thickness): 8 mm Electrical data: - Drive motor power: 9 kW - Supply voltage: 400 V - Mains frequency: 50 Hz Planer block: - Planer block type: TERSA - Planer block diameter: 120 mm - Number of planer knives: 4 - Planer block speed: 4500 rpm - Maximum planing width: 630 mm Feed: - Feed speed: 5/8/12/18 m/min

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2025, Description Technical data Scope of delivery Accessories Equipment options Ideal for demanding craftsmen and carpenters The extra long dressing tables made of one piece allow easy dressing of workpieces Working tables are made of grey cast iron, thus insensitive and permanently flat Dressing tables open to the rear, simultaneously, with tension spring support for fast and convenient changeover Thanks to the permanently mounted suction hood, it is not necessary to change the suction hose during changeover, which saves valuable working time. Diagonally toothed steel infeed roller ensures constant and even wood infeed Rubber outfeed roller in the outfeed of the thickness ensures even wood outfeed Material feed with four speeds Planer thickness table adjustment via handwheel with integrated display for planer height On/off switch in operator position Powerful industrial motor The high machine weight ensures highest precision and smooth running. Preparation for slotted hole drilling device Quality Made in Italy Dimensions and weights Length approx. 2250 mm width/depth approx. 1370 mm Isdpfjff Hdmjx Afiobc weight approx. 695 kg Dresser Total length of tables 2250 mm chip removal max. 5 mm fence length 1200 mm fence height 150 mm Dust extraction connection suction nozzle diameter thickness 1 x 120 mm Drive power main motor 7 kW Installation information Space requirement length 2250 mm Space requirement width/depth 1440 mm Explanation of space requirements The dimensions take into account maximum travel distances or effective lengths. Thickness Thicknessi [...]

Condition: excellent (used), CATALOGUE NUMBER 7621 Technical data: - shaft width 810mm - number of knives 4pcs - max. thickness of the processed element 200mm * from above: - pawls - toothed input shaft, pulling - clamps - planing shaft - clamps - smooth output shaft, pulling * from below: - adjustable rollers in the lower table 2pcs - 10kW motor - electric table lifting - 4 types of feed speed 8/11.3/16/22.4m/min - dimensions l/w/h 1210x1500x1300mm - weight 1200kg ADVANTAGES - Polish production - electric table lifting Isdjwc N Dwspfx Afiebc - used thicknesser, very good condition Net price: 23900 PLN Net price: 5630 EUR depending on the price of 4.25 EUR (Prices may change with higher fluctuations)

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2025, This planer is designed for soft and hard wood. Its robust cast iron design ensures silent and vibration-free operation. Switching from planing to thicknessing is very quick and simple. It is based on unlocking eccentrics and lifting tables, as well as relocating chip extractor cover A handwheel for planing thickness is located on the right side of the machine An aluminium swinging rule with a graded pitch can be precisely set at an angle within 90–45o Thicknesser table mounted centrally on a column, equipped with a handwheel for upward and downward setting Planing height measured with a graded strip Technical data Knife shaft diameter 70 mm Knife shaft speed 5500 rpm Extracting connector diameter 120 mm Swinging rule tilt angle 0–45° Number of knives 3 Maximum planer width 410 mm Maximum thicknesser width 408 mm Maximum planing height 5–225 mm Maximum thicknesser machining depth 3.5 mm Maximum planer machining depth 4 mm Thicknesser feed speed 6 m/min Planer table dimensions (L×W) 1640×410 mm Iedpovxh T Dofx Afiobc Weight 280 kg Motor speed 2800 rpm Motor power s1 4.0 kW s6 5.6 kW Power supply 3-phase, 400V

Year of construction: 2022, condition: new, XSD310 400 Volt Weight: 280 kg Iedpfjdkl Sqex Afiobc Surface planer planing width: 310 mm total length of planing table: 1400 mm diameter planer shaft: 70 mm Tersa knife shaft rpm: 5500 dimensions planing fence: 1300 x 150 mm inclination adjustment of dressing fence: 90 - 45 degrees Maximum chip removal: 4 mm Motor power 4 HP Thickness planer dimensions thicknessing table: 430 x 310 mm passage thickness planer: 230 mm diameter infeed rollers: 30 mm feed speed: 6m/min Accessories: Tersa knife shaft Handwheel adjustment thicknessing table with mechanical indicator Location: Ex stock 54634 Bitburg Machine is in our showroom and immediately available.

Condition: used, CATALOGUE NUMBER 7579 TECHNICAL DATA PLAIER: - shaft width 640mm - shaft cover - original cast iron guide adjustable at an angle Iodpev In Umefx Afiobc - table top length 2000mm - both tables adjustable THICKNESSING MACHINE: - max. thickness of the processed element on the thicknesser 200mm - thicknesser shaft cover - cutting height adjustment using a knob - from above: - pawls - input shaft, pulling, toothed - pressure - planing shaft - pressure - output shaft, pulling, smooth - from below: - 2 adjustable rollers in the lower table - 2 types of feed speed 10.16m/min - main motor 5kW - dimensions length/width/height 2000x1350x1100mm - weight 1223kg ADVANTAGES - German production - solid construction - very good condition, used machine Net price: PLN 12900 Net price: EUR 3040 depending on the price of EUR 4.25 (Prices may change with higher fluctuations)

Condition: new, Catalogue No. S0336 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS - Surface planer table length: 1800 mm - Working width: 410 mm - Working height: 225 mm - Spindle speed: 4500 RPM - Number of knives: 4 pcs - Spindle diameter: 100 mm - Motor power S1: 4/5.6 kW - Voltage: 400 V - Dimensions (L/W/H): 1900/800/1300 mm - Weight: 495 kg Four-knife cutterblock ensures precise machining, High-grade construction and finish, Foldable planer tables to the rear—do not limit thicknesser functionality, Table made of grey cast iron with ground surface, Adjustable thicknessing rollers for optimal workpiece feed, Sturdy tiltable fence adjustable from 90° to 45°, Precisely mounted reversing knife spindle, Thicknesser table with central column guidance and stabilizer, Space-saving side-mounted profile fence. Ibedofrn Hhepfx Afiec Scope of delivery: – Knives (installed), – Heavy profile fence, – Two rollers in the lower thicknesser table Optional equipment: – Horizontal borer, – Spare knives 410 x 25 x 3.0 mm Net price: 15,700 PLN Net price: 3,710 EUR (based on exchange rate 4.2 EUR) (Prices may vary due to significant exchange rate fluctuations)

Condition: excellent (used), CATALOGUE NUMBER 7573 Technical data: - shaft width 640mm Ibjdpfx Afev H A Tzjijc - number of knives 4pcs - max. thickness of the processed element 270mm - from above: - pawls - toothed input shaft, pulling - clamps - planing shaft - clamps - smooth output shaft, pulling - from below: - adjustable rollers in the lower table top 2pcs - 7.5kW motor - electric lifting of the table top - lifting motor 0.75kW - 2 types of feed speeds - 1.1kW feed motor - diameter of the extraction nozzle 160mm - dimensions length/width/height 1150x1240x1170mm - weight 1073kg ADVANTAGES - Polish production - electric lifting of the table top - DTR documentation - used thicknesser, very good condition Net price: PLN 26,900 Net price: EUR 6,320 depending on the price of EUR 4.25 (Prices may change with higher fluctuations)

Condition: new, Catalogue number: S 0335 - New machine, in stock - CE certificate SURFACE PLANER: - Working table dimensions: 1500 х 320 mm - Max. planing depth: 5 mm - Aluminium guide fence dimensions: 1100 x 155 mm THICKNESS PLANER: - Working table dimensions: 316 x 600 mm - Max. planing depth: 3 mm - Feed speed: 7 m/min - Material thickness: 4 - 230 mm - Motor power: 3 kW Ibedpfx Afovw Rqisisc - Cutterhead speed: 5600 min⁻¹ - Dimensions (L/W/H): 1500/600/1050 mm - Weight: 315 kg * Cast iron tables with ground surface * Tables with precise adjustment for longitudinal planing * Stable aluminium fence adjustable from 90° to 45° * Cutterhead guard * Thickness planer table with central guide column and support * Power on/off without stopping the machine * Mortiser with left-hand rotation Net price: 14,500 PLN Net price: 3,440 EUR Price calculated at an exchange rate of 4.2 PLN/EUR (In case of significant exchange rate fluctuations, the price may change)

Condition: excellent (used), Catalog number 7265 TECHNICAL DATA PLAINER: - shaft width 510mm - silencing comb - shaft cover - original cast iron guide adjustable at an angle - table top length 2060mm - both tables adjustable - diameter of the exhaust port 150mm THICKNESSING MACHINE: - max. thickness of the processed element on the thicknesser 200mm - thicknesser shaft cover - electric cutting height adjustment from above: - pawls - infeed roller, pulling, toothed - pressure - planing roller - pressure - outfeed roller, pulling, smooth from below: - 2 adjustable rollers in the lower table - 2 types of feed speed 7.14m/min - diameter exhaust nozzle 150mm - brake - main engine 4kW - dimensions length/width/height 2200x1400x1050mm - weight 1055kg ADVANTAGES - German production - brake - noise reduction comb - electric planing height adjustment - unpainted - very good condition, used machine Original photos Movie of the machine start-up: youtube.com/watch?v=7_aygbppcsY Ibedpfx Aorm I T Hsfijc Net price: PLN 16900 Net price: EUR 3970 depending on the price of EUR 4.25 (Prices may change with higher fluctuations)

Condition: excellent (used), Catalogue number 7738 TECHNICAL DATA SURFACE PLANER: - shaft width 500mm - 4-knife shaft - noise-dampening comb - shaft guard - adjustable angle fence - table length 2200mm - longer infeed table 1180mm - both tables adjustable THICKNESSER: - max workpiece thickness on thicknesser 240mm - thicknesser shaft guard *from above: - anti-kickback fingers - toothed, swiveling infeed roller - pressure bars - cutterblock - pressure bar - smooth outfeed roller - adjustable roller in lower table - two feed speeds 7/14 m/min - main motor 5.5kW - electric brake - extraction port diameter 150mm - dimensions L/W/H 2300x950x1100mm Isdpfx Ajxcx Ucjfiobc - weight 910kg ADVANTAGES – Italian manufacture – 4-knife cutterblock – long tables – perfect condition, not repainted – used surface planer-thicknesser Net price: 21,900 PLN Net price: 5,150 EUR depending on exchange rate 4.25 EUR (Prices subject to change with higher fluctuations)

Condition: excellent (used), CATALOGUE NUMBER 7134 TECHNICAL DATA - max planing width 500mm - max planing height 190mm from above: - pawls - sequential pulling shaft - 2 rows of clamps Ijdpfspmtckox Afijbc - sequential pulling input shaft - 500mm, 4-knife planing shaft, 7.5kW motor - clamps - smooth pulling shaft, output - output clamp from below: - adjustable input table + clamp - smooth sliding shaft - 500mm, 4-knife planing shaft, 5.5kW motor - 2 smooth sliding shafts - side clamp from the back: - side spindles 1) vertical right 140mm 4kW 2) vertical left 140mm 4kW - spindle diameter 40mm - spindles adjustable up/down, right/left - smooth feed speed regulation 8-30m/min - electric table top lifting - exhaust port diameters 2x145mm, 2x160mm - dimensions length/width/height 2050x1700x1700mm - weight 2100kg ADVANTAGES - ideal for floor processing - electric table top lifting - Czech production - used planer, very good condition Net price: PLN 37,900 Net price: EUR 8,900 depending on the price of EUR 4.25 (Prices may change with higher fluctuations)

Condition: excellent (used), Catalogue number 7695 TECHNICAL DATA - shaft width: 640mm - number of knives: 4 - maximum thickness of the workpiece: 200mm *Top section: - anti-kickback fingers - feed shaft, toothed, sequential (split, sectional) - pressure elements - planing shaft - pressure elements - smooth outfeed, feed shaft *Bottom section: - smooth sliding shaft at the infeed - smooth feed shaft at the outfeed - adjustable rollers in the lower table - electric table height adjustment - main motor 7.5kW Ibedpjw Elqfefx Afijc - stepless feed speed adjustment 8-24m/min - extraction port diameter 180mm - dimensions L/W/H 1400x1100x1650mm - weight 1650kg Net price: 17,900 PLN Net price: 4,210 EUR at the exchange rate of 4.25 PLN/EUR (Prices may change with significant rate fluctuations)