Used Valla Mini Compact Kraan for sale (5,925)

Condition: new, functionality: fully functional, power: 11.8 kW (16.04 HP), fuel type: electric, color: blue, overall weight: 3,900 kg, empty load weight: 3,900 kg, operation weight: 3,900 kg, maximum load weight: 3,600 kg, lifting power: 3,600 kg/m, lifting height: 8,000 mm, tire condition: 90 %, number of seats: 1, Year of construction: 2021, operating hours: 1 h, === KEY SPECIFICATIONS === Year: 2022 Operating hours: 1 h Max capacity: 3,600 kg Max lifting height: 8.0 m Jib reach: approx. 6.8 m Power supply: Electric Cjdpfexpuazex Akcsrb Remote control: Yes (radio control) Attachments / additional equipment: Mechanical jib Winch Hook Non-marking tires Electro brakes Tyre type: Front: Cushion Rear: Solid Tyre size: Front: 22×8×16 (2 pcs) Rear: 16×6–8 (2 pcs) Track condition: Not applicable Weight: 3,900 kg CE certification: Yes === HIGHLIGHTS === Compact electric pick & carry crane. Equipped with mechanical jib, simple and low-maintenance. CE certified with full documentation included. Zero-emission, suitable for indoor use. Ready for immediate deployment. === CONDITION === New condition. Fully inspected and available for inspection upon request. === LOCATION & DELIVERY === Located in Sittard, the Netherlands. Worldwide delivery possible. Price: €76,500,- (EXW / excluding VAT). === DELIVERY === Crane loading available on request. Flexible transport solutions adapted to your logistics needs. All transport handled by Collé Rental & Sales.

Condition: new, functionality: fully functional, 8X4 (2.4 X 1.2M) DOUBLE DECK SCREEN 2.2KW DRIVE MOTOR WEIGHT 1800KG LENGTH 5000MM WIDTH 2000MM HEIGHT 2300MM 4.5M FINES CONVEYOR 3KW GEARBOX DRIVE GASOLINE 8.5KW ONBOARD GENERATOR AGRI OR ROAD LEGAL WHEELS Worldwide delivery available, dealer enquiries welcome, Codpfoin E Hqex Akcorb

Condition: new, saw blade diameter 250 mm capacity 90 degrees: round 85 mm capacity 90 degrees: square 75 mm capacity 90 degrees: flat 100x65 mm capacity 45 degrees: round 80 mm capacity 45 degrees: square 75 mm capacity 60 degrees: flat 90x60 mm total power requirement 0,8 kW weight of the machine ca. 0,04 t SPECIAL PRICE!!! The assembly saw with extensive standard equipment and a large cutting area · For miter cuts left up to 45° · For sawing steel, stainless steel and, to a limited extent, aluminum profiles · Automatic cooling directly on the saw blade · 24 V safety switch in the handle with restart lock · 38 kg total weight = easy to transport Crsdpfx Aksd Iipcoceb · Length stop, assembly tool Options: Saw blade 57 EUR Machine base type 20505 192,-EUR

Condition: new, functionality: fully functional, This listing is for informational purposes only and does not constitute a legally binding offer. The KINGWAY MX-MRW14 model is a modern, compact track loader with skid-steer steering, engineered for efficient operation in challenging terrain and confined spaces. Thanks to its compact design and high maneuverability, the MX-MRW14 is ideally suited for construction, landscaping, and municipal applications. The KINGWAY MX-MRW14 is a reliable solution for professional users seeking a compact yet powerful machine that combines functionality, durability, and low operating costs. Mini Skid-Steer Track Loader KINGWAY MX-MRW14 Technical specifications: Model: MX-MRW14 Codpfxoyk Ekho Akcjrb Operating weight: 620 kg Bucket capacity: 0.1 m³ Travel speed: 0–4 km/h Max. lifting force: 180 kg Max. working height: 2,500 mm Max. pin height: 1,967 mm Max. dump height: 1,575 mm Reach at max. dump height: 480 mm Wheelbase: 905 mm Ground clearance: 130 mm Bucket dump angle: 70° Dimensions: Bucket width: 1,120 mm Overall length: 2,090 mm Overall width: 1,020 mm Overall height: 1,180 mm Turning radius: 1,140 mm Engine: Manufacturer: RATO Model: R420D Power: 8.6 kW Max. engine speed: 3,600 rpm Cooling: Air cooled Engine oil capacity: 1.1 l Fuel: Petrol Tyres: Tyre size: 18×8.50–8 NHS Tanks: Fuel tank: 5 l Hydraulic oil tank: 30 l Price: Net: €4,200 Gross: €4,998

Condition: new, functionality: fully functional, This listing is for informational purposes only and does not constitute a legally binding offer. The KINGWAY YSRT14 model is a modern, compact rubber-tracked mini loader with skid-steer steering, designed for efficient operation in challenging terrain conditions and confined spaces. Thanks to its compact design and high maneuverability, the YSRT14 is ideal for construction, landscaping, and municipal applications. The KINGWAY YSRT14 is the right choice for professional users seeking a reliable, robust, and economical machine that combines functionality, durability, and low operating costs. KINGWAY YSRT14 – Compact Loader / Mini Loader – Year of Manufacture: 2025 Technical Data: Model: YSRT14 Operating weight: 680 kg Bucket capacity: 0.06 m³ Crodjyk Eh Hopfx Akcjb Travel speed: 0–4 km/h Maximum lifting capacity: 220 kg Maximum working height: 2,490 mm Maximum pin height: 1,935 mm Maximum dumping height: 1,564 mm Reach at maximum dumping height: 650 mm Wheelbase: 860 mm Ground clearance: 220 mm Dump angle: 21° Bucket width: 998 mm Overall length: 2,166 mm Overall width: 920 mm Body width: 826 mm Overall height: 1,383 mm Turning radius: 1,500 mm Engine: Manufacturer: RATO Model: R420D Power output: 8.6 kW Max. RPM: 3,600 rpm Cooling: Air-cooled Engine oil capacity: 1.1 l Fuel type: Petrol Rubber tracks: 150 × 72 × 36 Tanks: Fuel tank: 6.6 l Hydraulic oil tank: 26 l Price: Net: 4,400 EUR Gross: 5,236 EUR Advantages & Warranty: 12-month warranty Spare parts and service always available Brand new, year of manufacture 2025 Delivery available

Condition: new, functionality: fully functional, The KINGWAY LRT23 model is a modern, compact track loader with skid-steer steering, designed for efficient operation in demanding terrain and confined spaces. Thanks to its compact design and high maneuverability, the LRT23 is ideally suited for construction work, landscaping, and municipal applications. The KINGWAY LRT23 offers a reliable solution for professionals seeking a compact yet powerful machine that combines functionality, durability, and low operating costs. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS: Model: LRT23 Operating weight: 880 kg Bucket capacity: 0.15 m³ Cjdeyk Ehaspfx Akcorb Travel speed: 0–4 km/h Max. lift capacity: 350 kg Max. working height: 2100 mm Max. pin height: 1800 mm Max. dump height: 1480 mm Dump reach at max. height: 430 mm Wheelbase: 760 mm Ground clearance: 110 mm Bucket tip angle: 30° DIMENSIONS: Bucket width: 1150 mm Overall length: 2285 mm Overall width: 1090 mm Body width: 810 mm Overall height: 1270 mm Turning radius: 1300 mm ENGINE: Manufacturer: RATO Model: 740 Max. output: 16.8 kW Max. RPM: 3600 rpm Cooling: Air-cooled Engine oil capacity: 1.7 l Fuel type: Petrol RUBBER TRACKS: Size (Width × Pitch × Number of links): 200 × 72 × 32 TANK CAPACITIES: Fuel tank: 18 l Hydraulic tank: 30 l PRICE: €5,600 net €6,664 gross

Condition: new, AVENTICS MSC-DA-025-0100-HG-HM-02-M-S-0-0-ACC, compact slide mini slide Item condition: New Technical data: Damping: hydraulic Compressed air connection: G 1/8 stroke: 100 mm piston diameter: 25 mm Ambient temperature max.: 60 °C Ambient temperature min.: 0 °C Operating principle: double-acting Credelkbngjpfx Akcjb Operating pressure max.: 10 bar Operating pressure min.: 1 bar H1R6A13K22-1_HS 6 kg Further compact sledges - new and used - you will find in our store! International shipping costs on request!

Year of construction: 2018, condition: ready for operation (used), Various metalworking machines are available as remaining stock. 1/2/3) Three wobble riveting presses Thielicke GmbH & Co. KG WN6, year of manufacture: 1998. 4) Schlenker & Cie Atlas W4 high-speed planer, year of manufacture: 1961, weight: approx. 1700kg. 5) Spot welding machine J.u.W. Müller GmbH Opladen OMP67F, year of construction: 1960. 6) Ring welding machine Ing. G. Wenninger/BAPO KH III, year of construction: 1940s, conversion: 1964. 7) Cross-cut saw Berg & Schmid Mini Compact, year of construction: 2018. 8/9/10) Three presses. Including vices and lathe accessories. On-site inspection is possible. Individual sale possible. Codou Tuvcopfx Akcorb

Condition: good (used), functionality: fully functional, Price reduction!!! For mitre cuts to the left up to 45° For sawing steel, stainless steel, and limited aluminium profiles Automatic cooling directly onto the saw blade 24 V safety switch in the handle with restart protection Total weight 38 kg = easy to transport Saw blade included Accessories: Table with clamping device Credpfx Aoxx Dcwekceb

Condition: good (used), Nagel Foldnak Compact Booklet Maker with Trimmer The machine is in working order and ready for production. Very good condition. The machine stitches at two points and folds in half to create a finished booklet, while the final knife trims the front of the booklet. Description: – Regular stitching and optional loop stitching (standard staples, economical to operate) – Adjustable heads – Option to disable stitching or folding (allowing for sewing only, for example) – Push-button or photocell triggering – Copy counter – Side and front alignment – Staple indicator light – SRA3 format – 230V power supply Crjdpfx Akoy Hgi Eocjb Supports non-standard formats.

Condition: good (used), Lippelt Mini Rustica GS, fully functional with 3 cutting rollers, moistening system and poppy seed spreading. The dough sheeting machine is mobile on wheels: Operates on 380 volts, 1 kW. Crodpey E Ntwefx Akcsb

Condition: excellent (used), CATALOG NUMBER 7612 Technical specifications: - Max. workpiece width: 1030 mm - Max. workpiece height: 150 mm From above: - Metal pressure roller - Split metal pressure roller - Unit (profiled rubber calibrating roller + pad + metal roller) - Smooth rubber idler roller From below: - Infeed roller - Feed belt - Outfeed idler roller - Pneumatically oscillating belts with photocells - Electric table height adjustment - 2 feed rates - Main motor: 11 kW - Brake - Handwheel for precise sanding height adjustment - Feed motor: 0.33 kW - Table lifting motor: 0.12 kW - Operating pressure: 8 bar - Extraction port diameter: 150 mm - Dimensions (L/W/H): 1500 x 1750 x 2000 mm - Weight: 965 kg ADVANTAGES Crodpfjylbmnsx Akceb - German made - Original paint - Used sander in very good condition Net price: 28,900 PLN Net price: 6,880 EUR Net price calculated at an exchange rate of 4.2 PLN/EUR (Price may change if there are significant exchange rate fluctuations)

Condition: used, 🔥 For Sale: HDG Compact 15–50 kW Biomass Boiler – Flexible and Compact Wood Chip Heating System 🔥 The HDG Compact 15–50 kW is a versatile biomass boiler, ideal for residential buildings, small commercial premises or agricultural applications. It is suitable for operation with wood chips and pellets, offering modular output and fully automatic operation within a space-saving design. — Key Features: 🌲 Fuel: Wood chips or pellets ⚡ Output: 15–50 kW 🧠 Fully automatic ignition, feeding and cleaning 🔧 Compact construction – perfect for plant rooms with limited space 🇩🇪 HDG Bavaria – Precision biomass technology made in Germany 📍 Location: Hungary, 9200 Mosonmagyaróvár, Kötöttárugyári út 22 (ProfiKazán) — 💼 Top Heating Systems – ProfiKazán Compact biomass heating systems with maximum flexibility. TOP HEATING SYSTEMS – Used heating units, boilers, heat pumps & accessories direct from stock We are a family business with around 20 years of experience in heating technology and operate a 1,500 m² warehouse in Mosonmagyaróvár, Hungary, with a constantly available stock of about 50–60 units. 📍 Location: Our warehouse is located in Mosonmagyaróvár, Hungary – approx. 15 km from the Austrian border and approx. 80 km from Vienna. Mosonmagyaróvár is the first major town on the Hungarian side after the Austrian border. Csdpfx Aswahhvjkcorb 🔥 Our range includes, among others: • Wood chip boilers • Pellet boilers • Wood gasification boilers • Log wood boilers • Biomass boilers • Oil and gas boilers • Heat pumps • Thermal ventilators • Hot air blowers • Warm air heaters • Industrial heaters • Buffer tanks • Heat exchangers • Augers • Discharge systems • Burners • Pumps • Comprehensive heating accessories ⚙️ Accessories and Components: Additionally, we offer a large selection of accessories, including circulation pumps, plate heat exchangers and many more components – from private to industrial scale. 🏭 Brands in our range: Fröling, Hargassner, KWB, HDG, Binder, ETA, Herz, Guntamatic, Windhager, Viessmann, Buderus and many more. 🌐 Current Offers: You can find most of our current offers on our website: topheatingsystems.com We also have further units available that are not yet listed online. 📅 Viewing: Viewings can be arranged by appointment at our warehouse. If you are interested, please feel free to contact us – we look forward to helping you find the right solution.

Condition: new, functionality: fully functional, power: 13.28 kW (18.06 HP), gearing type: hydrostat, fuel type: electric, color: blue, overall weight: 8,400 kg, lifting power: 8,000 kg/m, lifting height: 9,000 mm, tire size: Voor: 250–15” | Achter: 23×9–10”, tire condition: 100 %, axle configuration: 2 axles, Year of construction: 2021, operating hours: 12 h, Equipment: UVV, additional headlights, crane, onboard computer, traction control, === KEY SPECIFICATIONS === Year: 2021 Operating hours: 12 h Max capacity: 8,000 kg Max lifting height: 9.0 m Jib reach: approx. 9.4 m Power supply: Electric Crodpfx Aksxr Af Decob Transmission: Hydrostatic Remote control: Yes (radio control) Jib: Hydraulic folding jib Attachments / additional equipment: Hydraulic winch Hydraulic folding jib Hook block with pulley Remote control (radio control) Non-marking tires Tyre type: Non-marking Tyre size: Front: 250-15 Rear: 23×9-10 Axle configuration: 2 axles Weight: 8,400 kg CE certification: Yes === HIGHLIGHTS === Electric pick & carry crane with lifting capacity up to 8 tons. Fully electric, compact design for industrial applications. Equipped with hydraulic folding jib, hydraulic winch and radio control. CE certified with full documentation included. Very low operating hours. === CONDITION === New machine. Only 12 operating hours. Fully functional and available for inspection upon request. === LOCATION & PRICE === Located in Sittard, the Netherlands. Worldwide delivery possible. Price: €122,500,- (EXW / excluding VAT). === DELIVERY === Crane loading available on request. Flexible transport solutions adapted to destination and logistics needs. All transport handled by Collé Rental & Sales.

Condition: like new (used), functionality: fully functional, power: 12 kW (16.32 HP), gearing type: hydrostat, fuel type: electric, color: blue, overall weight: 7,500 kg, empty load weight: 7,500 kg, operation weight: 7,500 kg, maximum load weight: 7,000 kg, lifting power: 7,000 kg/m, lifting height: 9,200 mm, tire size: 250-15, tire condition: 99 %, number of seats: 1, mast type: telescopic, Year of construction: 2019, operating hours: 60 h, === KEY SPECIFICATIONS === Year: 2019 Operating hours: 60 h Max capacity: 7,000 kg Max lifting height: 9.2 m Jib reach: approx. 9.4 m Power supply: Electric Transmission: Hydrostatic Remote control: Yes (radio control) Jib: Hydraulic folding jib Attachments / additional equipment: Hydraulic winch Hook block with pulley Hydraulic folding jib Extendable chassis Hydraulic outriggers Non-marking solid tires Tyre type: Solid, non-marking Tyre size: Front: SE 250-15 (2 pcs) Rear: SE 23×9-10 (2 pcs) Weight: 7,500 kg CE certification: Yes === HIGHLIGHTS === Electric pick & carry crane with 7-ton lifting capacity. Compact design with extendable chassis for increased stability. Radio-controlled operation for precise handling. CE certified with full documentation included. Very low operating hours. === CONDITION === Used machine in as-new condition. Only 60 operating hours. Fully inspected and ready for immediate use. Inspection available upon request. === LOCATIE & PRICE === Located in Sittard, the Netherlands. Worldwide delivery possible. Price: €95,000,- (EXW / excluding VAT). === DELIVERY === Crane loading available on request. Flexible transport solutions adapted to destination and logistics needs. All transport handled by Collé Rental & Sales. Cjdjxb Tdiopfx Akcerb

Condition: new, lifting height: 12,000 mm, Year of construction: 2022, operating hours: 1 h, Drivetrain Make of engine: Electric motor Weights Empty weight: 21.500 kg Functional Lifting capacity: 20.000 kg CE mark: yes Condition General condition: very good Technical condition: very good Visual appearance: very good Other information Front tyres / undercarriage remaining: 100 Rear tyres remaining : 100 Maximum lifting capacity at end of jib: 3600 kg Delivery terms: EXW Transport dimensions (LxWxH): 4,49x1,98x2 Production country: SE Additional information Please contact Sales Department Collé Sittard for more information Cedpfexb Tdvsx Akcorb = Additional options and accessories = - Hook blocks

Condition: used, mileage: 179,711 km, Year of construction: 1994, operating hours: 22,312 h, Drivetrain Drive: Wheel Weights Empty weight: 24.800 kg Functional Lifting capacity: 40.000 kg Identification Serial number: 0051 Other information Front tyres / undercarriage remaining: 70 Credpfx Aksya Txxsceb Rear tyres remaining : 70 Tyre brand: Bridgestone Carrier engine: - Upper engine: - Counterweight: 3200 Transport dimensions (LxWxH): 6.5x2.5x3.1 Additional information Please contact PFEIFER GROUP for more information

Condition: used, total length: 7,400 mm, Year of construction: 2006, load capacity: 25,000 kg, Allrad Antrieb Crodpsycl D Ejfx Akceb All Terrain NEW Service

Condition: excellent (used), 3 pieces Collet chuck adapter, 20 mm shank, equivalent to 3R-653 Mini holder chuck adapter 3R-653 for 20 mm shanks Incl. drawbar Codew E Hicjpfx Akcjrb Equivalent to: Manual chuck adapter, Macro-Mini, 3R-653 Incl. 3 pieces drawbar 3R-605.1E Unit price: €200

Condition: used, total length: 6,300 mm, Year of construction: 2008, load capacity: 25,000 kg, Crane Valla 250 E Crjdpfx Aoyvv Amokceb Drive Electric Year built 2008 Lifting weight (kg) 25,000

Year of construction: 2012, condition: good (used), functionality: fully functional, For sale is a CFT compact filter technic top-mounted dust extraction system, type HKAF 12-30 The system is fully functional and ready for use immediately after connection All documentation for the system available thanks to CFT Digital Contact details can be passed on after purchase. Technical data: Year of construction: 2012 Length: 2476 mm Width: 1277 mm Height: 2330 mm Weight: 600 kg Exhaust air flow rate: 28 m3/min Filter elements: 12 pieces Filter area: 30 m² Filter material PMB 600*500 Crsdpfx Asrfcpmekcob Shock valves: 4 pieces Rotary cycle control unit: 12 cycles Compressed air parameters: 4.5 bar Loading & or shipping possible for an additional charge Prices plus VAT Viewing possible by appointment. Contact us, our team will be happy to help you. Trade-in or exchange possible! Machines purchase / sale PURCHASE / SALE OF PRODUCTION & METALWORKING MACHINES AND MUCH MORE. Do you need a high-quality but inexpensive metalworking machine for your production? Or do you want to sell yours? For further information or contact options, please visit our website

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2002, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 26956, Specification Table size 914mm x 305mm X axis traverse 406mm Y axis traverse 305mm Z axis traverse 254mm Spindle BT 40 Spindle speeds 0-6000rpm Spindle motor 5.6kW Rapid feed rate 15.2m/min Toolchanger capacity 10 tools Approximate weight 1542kg   Credpfx Akswkrq Aoceb Machine equipped with:- Haas CNC Control System Coolant system Lighting Enclosed guarding Manual

Condition: good (used), For sale: professional Vision Engineering Lynx Compact X6 stereo microscope, manufactured in the UK. This is a modern eyepiece-free microscope, providing a spatial 3D image without the need to place eyes against eyepieces – offering exceptional comfort for quality control and precision assembly tasks. Technical specifications: • Manufacturer: Vision Engineering Ltd. (UK) • Model: Lynx Compact X6 Cedpextfqxjfx Akcorb • Magnification: 6× (Compact X6 objective) • Type: stereo, eyepiece-free • Illumination: integrated LED in the base • Power supply: 230 V • Head with focus and height adjustment • Serial number: MFS 11572 • DGUV safety inspection – current safety test certification Condition: • Used item, optics are clean, mechanics fully operational. • Damaged upper cover of the plastic element (visible in photos) – does not affect operation or image quality. • Illumination is fully functional. • Device tested and ready for use. Applications: Laboratories, quality control, electronics, optics, and medical industries. Excellent for precision work, SMD soldering, PCB inspection, micromachining, and micromechanics.

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2003, We currently have 6 units of the Weland Compact Lift 2440x820 available for sale in excellent condition. These vertical lift modules are from 2003 and have been regularly serviced by the manufacturer. All machines are fully operational. The machines are offered in packages of 3 units at a very competitive price. They are ideal for anyone seeking efficient storage solutions without the high cost of new equipment. Each tray measures 2,445 mm in width and 820 mm in depth, providing a surface area of 2 m² per tray. With approximately 40 trays per machine, each unit offers a total storage area of 80 m², while occupying just 8.7 m² of floor space. Crsdjx Afcgepfx Akceb The units have a height of 8,000 mm but can be reduced during installation if required. The machines are ready for prompt delivery and installation. Technical information: Manufacturer: Weland Solutions Year of manufacture: 2003 Model: Weland Compact Lift 2440 Height: 8,000 mm, flexible Width vertical lift module / tray: 2,917 mm / 2,445 mm Depth vertical lift module / tray: 2,998 mm / 820 mm Number of trays: Approx. 40 per module Maximum load per tray: 300 kg Electrical requirements: 400 V, 20 A

Condition: used, mileage: 18,378 km, power: 100 kW (135.96 HP), first registration: 12/2016, fuel type: gasoline, next inspection (TÜV): 11/2027, color: red, gearing type: automatic, emission class: euro6, number of seats: 5, Equipment: ABS, air conditioning, central locking, electronic stability program (ESP), * Original 18,378 km * Panoramic roof * "Cross Punch" leather upholstery * 6-speed automatic transmission * Air conditioning * Sport seats * Heated seats * Alloy wheels * Rain sensor * Light sensor * Radio: MINI Boost audio system * Colorline Carbon Black * 4x electric windows * On-board computer * Lumbar supports * Electrically adjustable and heated exterior mirrors * LDA (Lane Departure Assist) * Brake Assist * Rear bench, split-folding * ESP (Electronic Stability Program) * ASR (Traction Control) * Start / Stop system * Center armrest with storage compartment * Fog lights * Central locking with remote control * One owner * Full service history, documented exclusively by BMW/MINI * Last service at 15,735 km * Very clean and well-maintained vehicle Vehicle number: 129 WhatsApp number: You can find further vehicle offers at: ONLINE CONSULTATION / ONLINE INSPECTION / ONLINE PURCHASE CONTRACT / TRADE-IN OF YOUR USED CAR OR TRUCK / DELIVERY AVAILABLE AT EXTRA COST Delivery service available on request Foreign customers have the option to make a down payment and collect the vehicle at a later date. NET price for export possible (for vehicles with VAT reclaimable). ---- We are happy to handle your vehicle registration (Düsseldorf), as well as the issuance of customs/export or temporary registration plates (5 days). Full export processing possible (export declaration) Vehicles with TÜV used car appraisal available. Csdpfx Aox Dplhokcjrb Upon request, we are happy to offer you our GPG used car warranty with tailored solutions for you and your vehicle. Trade-in possible. For further enquiries, we are happy to assist you by phone. Business hours: Monday - Thursday 09:00 - 16:30, Friday 09:00 - 16:00 Subject to changes, errors, omissions, and prior sale. Offers are non-binding. All details provided without guarantee. Vehicle descriptions do not constitute assured characteristics.