Used Sema Facing And Centering Machine for sale (74,724)

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2001, travel distance X-axis: 1,350 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 1,150 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 900 mm, controller manufacturer: Heidenhain, controller model: TNC 426 M, overall weight: 11,200 kg, spindle speed (max.): 15,000 rpm, spindle nose: HSK-A 63, number of slots in tool magazine: 45, Equipment: chip conveyor, Universal Machining Center Manufacturer: MIKRON Type: UCP 1350 Year of manufacture: 2001 Laodpfx Abj Adfq Do Aoh Control: HEIDENHAIN TNC 426 M Technical details: X-travel: 1,350 mm Y-travel: 1,150 mm Z-travel: 900 mm C-axis: 360° A-axis: ° Spindle speed: 15,000 rpm Tool holder: HSK-A 63 Number of tool positions: 45 Machine weight approx.: 11,200 kg Condition: Used Technical features & accessories: - Chip conveyor - Belt filter system - Air filter Accessories, tools, and clamping devices shown are included in the scope of delivery only if explicitly stated in the additional information. Subject to changes and errors in the technical data and specifications; prior sale reserved!

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 1997, Mikron HAAS VCE1000 vertical machining center Year: 1997 Axis X travel 1016 mm Axis Y travel 508 mm Axis Z travel 635 mm Table width 457 mm Table length 1220 mm Type of CNC HAAS Spindle taper ISO 40 Max. part weight on table 1575 kg ATC Number of tool pockets 20 Max. spindle speed 7500 rpm Machine dimensions length 3530 mm height 2985 mm width 2450 mm weight 5500 kg Accesories/options: - Chip conveyor Ledpfxjz Tlhco Ab Asah - Through spindle coolant - Prepared for 4.axis ( drive and wiring included ) - Renishaw touch probe - Renishaw TS27 tool measuring In very good condition, coming from a Swiss tool shop.

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1994, travel distance X-axis: 800 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 400 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 400 mm, overall weight: 5,600 kg, spindle speed (max.): 8,000 rpm, Fanuc rotary table, Nikken BT40-8000 rpm spindle Tool changer Laodpfxe Abgfko Ab Ash Tool changer arm, requires repair Travel: 800 x 400 x 400 mm

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2014, functionality: fully functional, Hurco VM 20 i, Laedpfx Aozc Icwjb Aeh Year of manufacture: 2014, Control system: Winmax, Travel range X/Y/Z: 1016/508/400 mm, Tool changer: 24-position, Tool holder: SK 40, Spindle speed: up to 12,000 rpm, Chip conveyor, Approximately 11,000 operating hours.

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1999, Technical details: x-axis: 800 mm y-axis: 500 mm z-axis: 510 mm control: Siemens 840D number of spindle speeds: 36 - 10000 U/min. tool changer with: 42 tools tool clamping: 12000 N tool taper: SK40 max. torque on the spindle: 102 Nm feed continuous: X/Y/Z: min./max.: 1/10000 / 1/10000 / 1-10000 mm rapid traverse: X/Y/Z: 40/40/40 m/min voltage: 400 / 50 V / Hz total power requirement: 70 kW HIGH PERFORMANCE DRIVING COLUMN - MACHINING CENTER Ljdpeu Id Rbefx Ab Asah Coolant system with paper band conveyor chip conveyor make Flender MC535/x=800 hydraulic aggregate make HAWE Loading system Promo cutting values: max. milling capacity=400mm max. drilling Ø 50mm max. thread Ø M30 1 motor each for main spindle 1 + 2: make Kessler; 21 kW; speed 15.000 rpm. 1 motor each for X / Y / and Z-axis: Make Siemens; for X/Y axis 14.0 Nm and Z axis 17.6 Nm torque; speed 3000 rpm. *

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2021, functionality: fully functional, Matec HV 700, Year of manufacture 2021, Heidenhain TNC 640 control system, Travel range X/Y/Z 2600/700/950 horizontal, Travel range X/Y/Z 2600/700/950 vertical, 50-position tool changer, HSK 63 tool holder, Spindle speed up to 15,000 rpm, NC swivel milling head +/- 105°, Swivel radius 250 mm, NC rotary table Ø 750 mm, IKZ (internal cooling) 20 bar, Paper band filter, Direct measuring systems, Chip conveyor, Electr. handwheel, Dynamics package, Software Kinematics Option, Measuring probe, Partition, S1 approx. 2000 total spindle hours, Lajdpfxsz Dgzdo Ab Aeh S2 approx. 25 total spindle hours.

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2006, Technical details: x-travel: 1000 / 600 mm y-travel: 570 mm z-travel: 570 mm control: Fagor 8055 MC tool changer with: 24 Plätze tool taper: SK 40 Revolution per minute: 10 000 U/min. spindle taper: SK40 feed speeds infinitely variable: X/Y/Z: 10 m/min. rapid traverse:: X/Y/Z: 24 m/min. operating hours - idle run: nicht einsehbar h table-size: 1200 x 500 mm table load capacity: 800 kg distance spindle nose and table: min./max. 100/670 mm interface: 232 total power requirement: 15 kW Weight approx.: 5,0 t dimension machine xH: 3,3 x 2,3 x 2,8 m Equipment: -Cooling device with feed to the spindle (no CTS cooling through spindle)) -operating panel with manual control unit -chip conveyor -E-cabinet cooling Rittal SK 3305500 * Ljdpsu Idfrjfx Ab Ajah

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2018, Müga H 250-5 horizontal CNC machining center" Horizontal CNC machining center Müga Type/Model: H 250-5 Condition: Used New spindle with currently 0 spindle hours Year of construction: 2018 Technical data Travel distances X / Y / Z: 380 mm / 250 mm / 350 mm B-axis: Swiveling round table: Ø 250mm Rated voltage: 400 V, 3 phases 50 Hz Circuit 1: 250 V 50 Hz Circuit 2: 24 VDC Installed power: 30 kW Pre-fuse: 50 A Pneumatic connection: 6 bar Weight approx.: 60,000 kg Machine dimensions (L x W x H) approx.: 1.7 m x 4.1 m x 2.5 m Equipment Lsdpfxjz Syxto Ab Asah - Siemens Sinumerik S 828 D control system - FMB bar loader - Additional coolant filtration for the internal cooling system - Chip conveyor Inquiry item: Transport costs in a customized offer.

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2011, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 2080100, CNC Horizontal 5-Axis Twin-Spindle Machining Center Manufacturer: SW – Schwäbische Werkzeugmaschinen GmbH Type: BAW06-22 Year of Manufacture: 2011 Machine Number: 2080100 Control System: CNC Siemens 840SL Number of Axes: 5 Number of Spindles: 2 Dual Table System Travel in X/Y/Z: 600 / 600 / 510 mm Spindle Speed: up to 17,500 rpm Rapid Traverse: up to 45 m/min Tool Interface: HSK-A63 Machine Weight: approx. 16,000 kg Equipment: Standard accessories High-performance CNC horizontal machining center with twin spindle and dual table system for precise and cost-effective series production. Laodpfo Aarpxjx Ab Ash Location: Maribor, Slovenia Availability: Immediately available Inspection possible by arrangement.

Condition: excellent (used), functionality: fully functional, travel distance X-axis: 710 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 630 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 500 mm, nominal power (apparent): 21 kVA, controller manufacturer: HEIDENHAIN, controller model: 407, table load: 500 kg, rotational speed (min.): 5 rpm, rotational speed (max.): 5,000 rpm, overall weight: 3,800 kg, Equipment: documentation/manual, MIKRON MILLING MACHINE, MODEL UME 710 TRAVEL: 710 x 630 x 500 mm SPINDLE: ISO 40 SPINDLE ROTATION SPEED: 5000 RPM TABLE DIMENSIONS: 1200 x 600 mm Ljdpfx As Adpvwsb Asah MOTORS AND DRIVES: SIEMENS CONTROL: HEIDENHAIN 407 INCLUDES OPERATING AND MAINTENANCE MANUALS AND A SET OF TOOL HOLDERS

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1975, functionality: fully functional, max. bore diameter to be ground 6 bis 100 mm stroke - stepless adjustable 550 mm grinding depth ca. 250 mm workpiece weight 150 kg total power requirement 15 kW weight of the machine ca. 4.300 kg dimensions of the machine ca. 2,7 x2,4 x 2,2 m Ljdpfx Absucgwkj Ajah

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2001, functionality: fully functional, spindle speed (max.): 18,000 rpm, coolant supply: 40 bar, number of slots in tool magazine: 32, Equipment: chip conveyor, documentation/manual, DMU 50 Evolution 32 tools Tool breakage monitoring Millplus Indunorm Ultralight automation system with 24 vises (year of manufacture 2010) Lsdpfx Ao Abbl Eob Ajah

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2000, Technical details: x-travel: 500 mm y-travel: 400 mm z-travel: 400 mm b-axis: manuell positionierbar ° c-axis: manuell positionierbar control: Heidenhain TNC 124 Lajdpfx Absu Idffo Ash tool changer with: nein Plätze spindle taper MT: SK40 Revolution per minute: 4500 U/min. feed speeds infinitely variable: X/Y/Z: max. 14000 mm/min rapid traverse:: 5,0 m/min table-size: 700 x 500 mm total power requirement: 17 kVA Weight approx.: 2,91 t dimension machine xH: 2,0 x 2,0 x 2,5 m CNC universal vertical milling machine The machine has 5 axes. B- and C-axis manual with measuring system. B-axis table swivel -10° / +95° and C-axis table rotate 360° (not interpolatable, manually selectable via control). Cooling device (without pump) Operation via swiveling boom *

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2025, Case Maker with Robotic Hand – High Efficiency Book Cover Machine We are offering a high-quality case making machine designed for the production of book covers, notebooks, and similar hardcover products. Equipped with a robotic hand, this machine ensures precision, consistency, and efficient handling during the production process. It is suitable for working with a wide range of materials, including gray board, MDF, wooden boards, mirror board, as well as various cover materials such as art paper, specialty metallic papers (gold/silver), fabric, and velvet. Ideal for print shops, binderies, and packaging manufacturers looking to improve productivity and product quality. Lasdpfx Abjy Dqx Se Aoh Working speed: 15-28 pcs/min Max hardcover size: 460x300mm Min Hardcover size: 55x60mm Case Thickness range: 1-12mm Cover Thickness range: 100 -250 g/m2 Case materials range: Gray board, wooden board. mdf, mirror board Cover materials range: Art paper, Silver/gold paper, Fabric, Velvet Machine dimension: 1150x1500x1700mm Machine weight: 650kg

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2013, Technical design: Console table 3050 x 1200 mm with 6 consoles that can be manually moved, each console with 2 vacuum suction cups and one pneumatic excavation rail. Dot laser positioning aid, vacuum pump. Control system: CNC XILOG Plus. Main spindle: 8.5 kW (12 HP) HSK 63F with C-axis, 1500 – 24,000 rpm. Tool changer: rotary tool magazine, 12 positions. 1 adapter unit with pivoting saw. Drilling head with: 12 vertical spindles, 4 + 2 horizontal spindles, nut saw. Ljdpekqyizsfx Ab Aeah Bumper safety system. The tools, HSK tool holders, drills, etc., shown in the images are not included in the scope of delivery!

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2008, travel distance X-axis: 1,000 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 900 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 1,000 mm, controller model: OKUMA OSP P200M, total height: 3,150 mm, total length: 6,500 mm, total width: 3,000 mm, table width: 630 mm, table length: 630 mm, rotational speed (max.): 6,000 rpm, overall weight: 22,500 kg, spindle speed (min.): 6,000 rpm, number of spindles: 1, number of slots in tool magazine: 150, type of input current: three-phase, Equipment: chip conveyor, documentation/manual, rotational speed infinitely variable, The Okuma MA series is a horizontal machining center with large travels for heavy-duty machining. The X/Y/Z travels are 1000/900/1000 mm. This machine is designed for very high precision and, above all, stability when machining large workpieces. The pallet size is 630 x 630 mm. Lajdpfoyg Rb Rsx Ab Aoh - OSP P200M - Year of manufacture: 2008 - Cutting time: 17,500 h - Renishaw Tool Eye - ATC 150 SK50 - 2-pallet system - Spindle speed: 6,000 RPM - B-axis NCB 0.001 degree - X/Y/Z 1000/900/1000 mm - Mayfran Consept coolant system with chip conveyor and high-pressure pump 60 bar

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2001, functionality: unexamined, machine/vehicle number: 81147, Origin: JP Dimensions: 290x180x220 cm Net machine weight: 4500 kg TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS Axis travels X-axis: 305 mm Y-axis: 305 mm Z-axis: 330 mm B-axis: continuous rotation 360°, indexing 0.001° Table and pallets Pallet dimensions: 254 × 254 mm Number of pallets: 2 Maximum load per pallet: up to 250 kg Spindle Spindle taper: BT40 / NST40 Maximum speed: 15,000 rpm Spindle power: approximately 7.5 to 12 kW Tool changer Magazine capacity: 40 tools Tool change time: approximately 1.7 seconds Chip-to-chip time: approximately 6.5 seconds Feed rates Rapid traverse X/Y/Z: up to 24 m/min Numerical control CNC YASNAC i80Mi or YASNAC 180Mi depending on configuration Dimensions and weight Main equipment Automatic pallet changer (APC) Laodpfxjz U Uy Re Ab Aeh Integrated 4th axis 40-tool magazine Coolant system RS232 communication interface (depending on configuration) Subject to error or omission, the technical information is provided without guarantee.

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2008, functionality: fully functional, DMG Deckel Maho DMC 1035 V Vertical Machining Center. The machine is in very good optical and technical condition. Inspection while powered on is possible at any time. Technical data: Year of manufacture: 2008 Control system: Heidenhain iTNC530 Travel distances: X: 1,035 mm Y: 560 mm Z: 510 mm Clamping area: 1,200 mm x 560 mm Lajdpfxozun Sns Ab Ajh Spindle speed: 10,000 rpm Tool changer: 20-position Tool holder: SK40 Coolant/air blast switchover Electronic handwheel Operating mode 4 Coolant tank free on truck ex works Hagen

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2003, functionality: fully functional, Equipment: documentation/manual, Deckel Maho DMC 103V Vertical Machining Center The machine is in good condition and can be inspected while powered on at any time. Technical data: Year of manufacture: 2003 Control system: Heidenhain TNC 426 / 43 Travel ranges: X: 1000 mm Y: 600 mm Z: 600 mm Ledpfx Aozw U Rcob Ajah Spindle: 10,000 rpm Tool holder: SK40 ATC with 24 positions Table: 1200 x 600 mm Weight: approx. 6,750 kg Dimensions: 410 x 242 x 275 cm Accessories and options: Coolant tank Electronic handwheel with 3D path control Cooling system with compressed air Operating mode 4 Documentation

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 1999, Control system: Heidenhain TNC 426 Travel ranges X/Y/Z: 1250 x 880 x 800 mm Spindle speed: 8,000 rpm Tool magazine for 60 tools, SK 50 Universal milling head +0° / -90° indexing Ljdps Admbdjfx Ab Asah NC rotary table 1250 x 1000 mm Chip conveyor Measuring probe

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2016, operating hours: 3,500 h, Quaser MF 500 C Quaser MF 500 C machining center with Siemens 828 D control, manufactured in 2016, in very good original condition. The machine comes from the training workshop of a renowned German mechanical engineering company. CE compliant!! Ledpjzdityofx Ab Ajah Technical data: Year of manufacture: 2016 Working area and travels: X-axis (longitudinal): 550 mm Y-axis (transverse): 800 mm Z-axis (vertical): 610 mm A-axis (swiveling range): +30° to -120° C-axis (rotational axis): 360° (continuous) Table diameter / clamping surface: Ø 410 mm Maximum workpiece size: Ø 500 mm × H 300 mm Maximum table load: 200 kg Spindle taper: BT 40 Speed: 12,000 rpm Drive power: 15 kW Tool positions: 30 Number of simultaneous axes: 5 Rapid traverse: 36 m/min Weight: 7750 kg About the machine: Offered is a Quaser MF 500 C machining center with a Siemens 828 D control. This machining center is in very good original condition. It comes from a company where it was only used to a limited extent for prototype manufacturing. Key features: The Quaser MF 500 C is a powerful, vertical 5-axis simultaneous machining center from the Taiwanese manufacturer Quaser. It is designed for the highly precise complete machining of complex workpieces in the aerospace, mold making, and general precision engineering industries. Stable construction: The machine is built to be massive and heavy, ensuring maximum stiffness and vibration damping, even during heavy machining. Tilting table: The swiveling round table enables full 5-axis machining. With support devices (counter bearings), workpieces weighing up to 500 kg can often be clamped. The Quaser MF 500 C has been mechanically and electrically inspected by us. Take advantage of the opportunity to inspect and test the Quaser MF 500 C on site while it is powered up. You can find more milling machines from well-known manufacturers on our website.

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2010, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 2080082, Used CNC horizontal machining center, 5-axis, with dual spindle and dual table Lajdj Aarpfopfx Ab Ajh Technical data – SW BAW06-22 Manufacturer: SW – Schwäbische Werkzeugmaschinen GmbH Model: BAW06-22 Year of manufacture: 2010 Machine number: 2080082 Control system: CNC Design: Horizontal Number of axes: 5 Number of spindles: 2 Number of work tables: 2 Travel in X-axis: 600 mm Travel in Y-axis: 600 mm Travel in Z-axis: 510 mm Maximum spindle speed: 17,500 rpm Rapid traverse rate: up to 45 m/min Tool holder: HSK-A63 Machine weight: approx. 16,000 kg Accessories: Standard accessories Availability: Available immediately Machine description Used CNC horizontal machining center SW BAW06-22 with 5-axis machining, two work spindles, and a dual table system. The dual-spindle design allows two workpieces to be machined in parallel. The high spindle speed of up to 17,500 rpm enables productive and precise machining. Additional manufacturer data According to the technical data sheet from SW, the following values are specified for the BA W06-22 series: Spindle distance: 600 mm Spindle power: 2 × 35 kW Spindle torque: 2 × 80 Nm Tool magazine: 2 × 42 positions, optional larger Maximum tool length: 425 mm Maximum tool weight: 10 kg Control system according to manufacturer: Siemens SINUMERIK 840D sl Operating voltage: 400 V / 50 Hz

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2007, operating hours: 32,947 h, functionality: fully functional, Deckel Maho DMC 100H duo Block About the machine: Very robust machine. The main spindle was renewed in 2023. Technical Data: - Control: Siemens 840D - Travel range X, Y, Z axis: 1000/1000/1000mm - C-axis travel range: 360° - Clamping surface rotary table: 800x800mm - Rapid traverse: 60 m/min - Spindle speed: 20-12,000 rpm - Tool holder: SK50 - Tool magazine with 60 slots - Network connectivity Ljdpfx Aeyhwqmeb Aeah - Automation interface possible Equipment: - Through-spindle coolant 50 bar with belt filter system - Work area flushing - Rinse gun - Chip conveyor An inspection or test under power on site is of course possible. We are happy to offer you transportation, installation, and commissioning of the machine at your site. All from a single source: We, Baumgärtner CNC GmbH, are a company specializing in: - Service - Maintenance - Overhaul - Automation of DMG machines and those of other renowned manufacturers. We support you! From purchasing your machine, through transport and installation, to commissioning and subsequent maintenance or repair work—you can count on us.

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2018, CNC-CONTROLLED MACHINING CENTER AUTHOR M 200 AUTHOR M200 3710x1620 Z250 - CNC-controlled machining center 1 Technical data Work area I.M.S. I.U. Work area X-axis 3710 mm * 146" * Work area Y-axis 1620 mm * 63¾" * Workpiece passage Y 1900 mm 74¾" Workpiece passage Z 250 mm 9¾ Workpiece length for pendulum machining 1700 + 1700 mm 67" + 67" Travel speed of the X-Y axes PRO-SPACE 56 m/min 184 ft/min Travel speed of the X-Y axes PRO-SPEED 78 m/min 256 ft/min * Distance covered by all tools in the X and Y direction; see the corresponding layout for further details. With a 5-axis motor, the dimension in Y increases to 1680mm (66"), for motor JQX or 1720mm (67½") for motor KS/KT max. Width of the loadable plate for horizontal drilling, electric spindle only oriented vertically, no central reference stops Installation data I.M.S. I.U. Installed power 23 - 28.5 KVA Electrical standard specifications 400 Voltage 50 Hz 3 phases Air consumption 450 Nl/min Compressed air consumption 4500 m³/h 2650 CFM Extraction air velocity 30 m/sec Extraction nozzle diameter 250 mm 9.8 Inches Noise level VSA * LAV * Drilling 72.2 74.6 Milling 74.3 80.7 Reference standard EN ISO 11202:1995* VSA = unloaded and without extraction * LAV = in operation with extraction Structure of the base body: The CNC machining center can be equipped flexibly with different milling units as well as multi-spindle drilling heads and many other units, up to dowel drilling units. In order to meet all requirements in the field of wood and plastic processing, as well as the demands of the users, each machine can be equipped with 3, 4 or 5 machining axes. The selection of drilling units extends to up to 34 drilling spindles with an integrated groove saw for the back panel groove or rabbet machining. The possibility of using this high-quality CNC machining center both as a cantilever table machine and with an aluminum grid table underscores the flexible range of applications and the performance of the M100 and M200 series. Powerful drilling heads, with individually selectable drilling spindles, max. RPM 8,000, and implemented in . technology, "the most robust drilling spindles on the market", with more than 1,000 maintenance-free application hours (lubrication interval of the drilling spindles). The possibility of being able to replace the drilling spindles within a very short time, "even without a technician", through the technology, without disassembling the drilling gear, sets a benchmark in the industry and is already standard on your machining center. Imagine your CNC machine performing hinge drilling in just one drilling operation (option), instead of the usual 3. An option that underscores our claim to offer you robust and high-performance units on our machines. Ideally and flexibly equipped for a wide variety of requirements. Whether manual or automatic, the FLEX cantilever work table allows vacuum cups and mechanical clamping elements, such as pneumatic clamps for window or curtain wall constructions (option), to be quickly, safely and cost-effectively adjusted to any material and clamping requirements, making your day-to-day work easier. Differently sized vacuum cups and clamping elements, which were developed in close cooperation with customers and users, are available as an option. Laedpezvhkyofx Ab Aeh

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2008, Machine Overview Makino V22, manufactured in 2008, with a 40,000 rpm spindle, HSK-E32, and 60 tool positions. This compact 3-axis machining center offers travels of 320 × 280 × 300 mm and a Makino Pro-5 control system based on Fanuc. Technical Data Manufacturer / Model: Makino V22 Year of Manufacture: 2008 Axes: 3 Travel (X / Y / Z): 320 / 280 / 300 mm Laedpfxsz Tc Sro Ab Ajh Control System: Makino Pro 5 (Fanuc System) Spindle Speed: 40,000 rpm Tool Interface: HSK-E32 Cooling: External air and external cooling Table: Makino T-slot table Maximum Table Load: 100 kg Rapid Traverse: 20 m/min Tool Magazine: 60 positions Operating Hours: 20,712 hours Spindle Counter: 2,266 hours Fuse Rating: 63 A Footprint (L × W × H): 1,500 × 2,000 × 2,250 mm Connection, Weight, and Dimensions Electrical Connection: 400 V / 50 Hz Machine Weight: 4,200 kg Equipment and Scope of Delivery Length measuring device (hybrid) Measuring probe: Marposs and handwheel REVEN X-CYCLONE CE17-3 Kraft-& Bauer CO₂ fire extinguishing system Hot-shot shrinking device Tool holders and other related photo accessories All accessories belonging to the machine, as shown in the offer photos, are included. Technical data subject to change without notice. Errors and prior sale are reserved. The characteristics and scope of delivery agreed upon in the purchase contract shall be binding.