Used Master Bag Bag Machine for sale (66,223)

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2015, operating hours: 300 h, XYZ 560 Mini Mill 3 Axis Vertical Machining Centre Manufactured 2015 Siemens 828D Control Ex college machine less than 300hrs. Hnjdpfx Agey R Srgo Iel Spindle Speeds 8000rpm Spindle Motor 15hp Spindle Taper BT40 Tool Magazine 12 Tools Tool Change Time 8secs X Axis Travel 560mm Y Axis Travel 400mm Z Axis Travel 500mm Table Size 610 x 370mm Spinde to Tabel 100 – 600mm XYZ Rapids 20m/min Cutting Feeds 1-20m/min Max. Table Load 300kg T Slots 16mm Machine Weight 3100Kgs *For sale with Jet Machinery Ltd* Jet Machinery Stock No: #79162 Machine Serial Number: MF491 Cost: £27,500.00 + VAT Whilst every effort has been made to ensure that the above information is accurate it is not guaranteed. We advise prospective purchasers to check any vital details. Health and Safety At Work Act 1974: It is not reasonably practical for ourselves as suppliers to ensure that for your application the goods comply with requirements of the Act with respect to guarding etc. Prospective purchasers should ensure that a guarding specialist inspect the goods prior to use.

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2011, XYZ SLV Turret Milling Machine Manufactured 2011 Spindle Motor 5 hp Spindle Speeds 70 – 3600rpm Spindle Taper ISO40 Table Size 1473 x 305mm T Slot Size 16mm T Slots 3 off X Axis Travel 1000mm Y Axis Travel 410mm Knee Vertical Travel 413mm Ram Travel 450mm Supplied with: Power Feed Longitudinal (X) Hnedoy R Skcepfx Ag Isl Power Feed Cross (Y) Powerd Knee 3 Axis Digital Readout Misc Spindle Tooling Machine Manuals Air Draw Bar We can offer delivery & installation, operator training and warranties. *For sale with Jet Machinery Ltd* Jet Machinery Stock No: #79192 Machine Serial Number: 11501 £9,950.00 + VAT Whilst every effort has been made to ensure that the above information is accurate it is not guaranteed. We advise prospective purchasers to check any vital details. Health and Safety At Work Act 1974: It is not reasonably practical for ourselves as suppliers to ensure that for your application the goods comply with requirements of the Act with respect to guarding etc. Prospective purchasers should ensure that a guarding specialist inspect the goods prior to use.

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2017, XYZ SLX555 x 3m ProtoTRAK Control Gap Bed Centre Lathe ProtoTRAK SLX Control (2017) Max. Distance Between Centres 3000mm Max. Swing over Bed 560mm Max. Swing over Gap 935mm Max. Swing over Cross slides 350mm Max. Cross slide Travel 290mm Spindle Nose D1-11 Spindle Bore 104mm Spindle Speeds 30 – 1800rpm Hedoy R Rdhjpfx Ag Ijnl Spindle Motor 15Hp Quick Change Tool Post Tailstock MT7 Tailstock Dia’ 75mm Tailstock Travel 160m Manufactured | 2012 Dimensions: L x D x H 5220 x 2150 x 1950 mm Weight 7400 kg Supplied with: 3 Jaw Chuck Indexing Toolpost Machine Handbooks TRAKing®. Constant Surface Speed. Rapid Traverse with Joy Stick. 3 Point Fixed Steady Travelling Steady Interlocking Guards Auto Lubrication. Coolant. Worklight We can offer delivery & installation, operator training and warranties. *For sale with Jet Machinery Ltd* Jet Machinery Stock No: #79001 Machine Serial Number: SLM00072 £55,000.00 + VAT Whilst every effort has been made to ensure that the above information is accurate it is not guaranteed. We advise prospective purchasers to check any vital details. Health and Safety At Work Act 1974: It is not reasonably practical for ourselves as suppliers to ensure that for your application the goods comply with requirements of the Act with respect to guarding etc. Prospective purchasers should ensure that a guarding specialist inspect the goods prior to use.

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2001, XYZ 1224 Surface Grinding Machine Electro Magentic Chuck 304 x 609mm Max. Longitudinal Grinding Length 609mm Max. Cross Grinding Length 304mm Max. Distance from Table Surface to Spindle Centre 508mm Max. Longitudinal Hydraulic Travel 660mm Longitudinal Travel Variable 5 – 25m/min Cross Travel Automatic Increment 0.1-10mm Cross Travel Automatic Travel 304mm Cross Feed Handwheel Per Revolution 5mm Cross Feed Handwheel Per Graduation 0.02mm Down Feed Handwheel Per Revolution 2mm Down Feed Handwheel Per Graduation 0.01mm Spindle Motor Speed 3000rpm 50Hz Spindle Motor Power 5hp Hydraulic Motor Power 1Hp Standard Wheel Dia. 355mm Standard Wheel Width 38mm Stand Wheel Bore 127m Machine Weight 1700kgs Foot Print (LW) 3550 x 2550mm Hnsdjy R N Aispfx Ag Iol Supplied with: 2 Grinding Wheels Balancing Unit Coolant & Dust extraction Toolbox Hydraulic Tanks Diamond Wheel Dresser 415V Electrics Machine Pads & Levelling Bolts Low Volt Work Lamp For Sale with Jet Machinery Ltd Jet Machinery Stock No: #79197 Machine Serial Number: 134046 Cost: £11,950.00 + VAT Whilst every effort has been made to ensure that the above information is accurate it is not guaranteed. We advise prospective purchasers to check any vital details. Health and Safety At Work Act 1974: It is not reasonably practical for ourselves as suppliers to ensure that for your application the goods comply with requirements of the Act with respect to guarding etc. Prospective purchasers should ensure that a guarding specialist inspect the goods prior to use.

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2021, turning diameter over bed 0800 mm turning diameter over slide rest 500 mm turning length 4000 mm spindle bore 105 mm spindle turning speed range 5,4 - 720 U/min workpiece weight 2500 kg bed width 600 mm spindle bore 105 mm longitudinal feeds: 0,05- 24,3 mm/U cross feed 0,05 - 12,15 mm/U rapid traverse 4 m/min main drive 11 kW Hsdpfx Agoy Nd Sij Ijnl total power requirement 14 kW weight of the machine ca. 8 t dimensions of the machine ca. 6,5 x 2,5 x 2 m With 4 position tool holder, face plate with safety cover, steady rest and DRO.

Condition: used, Industrial Tempering / Heat Treatment Oven – Lister Machine Tools Heavy duty industrial tempering and heat treatment oven by Lister Machine Tools Ltd. Ideal for engineering workshops, toolmaking, heat treatment, metal hardening, tempering and industrial heating applications. Fitted with digital temperature controller and insulated chamber with front loading access door. Suitable for precision heating and workshop production use. Features: Industrial electric tempering oven Digital temperature control Insulated heat chamber Front loading design Heavy duty industrial construction Mounted on steel stand Suitable for tooling and heat treatment work Condition: Used workshop condition with cosmetic wear from industrial use. Complete and operational. Ideal for engineering shops, fabrication workshops, blacksmithing and toolroom environments. Loading available on site. Viewing welcome. Transport can be arranged. Hnjdjy R D Tiepfx Ag Isl Open to sensible offers.

Condition: used, Industrial Sheet Metal Beading / Swaging Machine (Jenny Machine) Heavy duty manual sheet metal swaging and beading machine in solid original condition. Ideal for fabrication shops, restoration work, ducting, panel making. Fitted with adjustable rollers and manual feed controls. Strong cast iron industrial construction mounted on original pedestal base. Perfect for forming beads, swages, strengthening ribs and edging work in sheet metal. Hodjy R Dqujpfx Ag Ijnl Features: Manual hand operated machine Adjustable forming rollers Heavy cast iron construction Original pedestal stand Industrial workshop machine Suitable for steel, aluminium and light gauge sheet metal Condition: Used industrial condition with age-related wear and surface rust. Mechanically complete and turns freely. Ideal restoration or workshop machine. Loading available. Viewing welcome. Open to sensible offers.

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2026, -TFON Leveltech® Leveling Machine. -The TFON Leveltech® is a robust and precise leveling machine designed to handle a wide range of material thicknesses with efficiency and ease. Engineered for reliability and performance, it ensures flat, smooth surfaces on metal sheets and strips to meet stringent quality standards. Key Specifications: -Material Thickness: 1 mm – 30 mm. -Maximum Material Width: 1,600 mm. -Minimum Material Length: 145 mm -Quick Change System for Straightening Rollers: Standard -Flattening Gap Adjustment: Servo Hydraulic with PLC Control Hodpfx Agokyrphe Ijnl -Machine Dimensions (L × W × H): 5,465 × 6,735 × 2,300 mm -Total Weight: 40.000 kg.

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2026, -TFON Leveltech® Leveling Machine Series -Model: L-9060 -Material Thickness: 1.0 mm – 30.0 mm. -Maximum Material Width: 600 mm -Minimum Material Length: 145 mm -Flattening Gap Adjustment: Servo Hydraulic / PLC Controlled Overload Protection: Standard Machine Weight: 26.000 kg Machine Dimensions (L × W × H): 4,400 × 7,185 × 2,260 mm. Model: L-9011 Material Thickness: 1.0 mm – 30.0 mm Hedpfehwb U Tox Ag Isnl Maximum Material Width: 1,100 mm. Minimum Material Length: 145 mm Flattening Gap Adjustment: Servo Hydraulic / PLC Controlled. Overload Protection: Standard Machine Weight: 31.000 kg Machine Dimensions (L × W × H): 4,600 × 7,185 × 2,260 mm Model: L-9013 Material Thickness: 1.0 mm –30.0 mm Maximum Material Width: 1,300 mm Minimum Material Length: 145 mm Flattening Gap Adjustment: Servo Hydraulic / PLC Controlled Overload Protection: Standard Machine Weight: 35,000 kg Machine Dimensions (L × W × H): 5,000 × 7,185 × 2,260 mm Model: L-9016 Material Thickness: 1.0 mm –30.0 mm Maximum Material Width: 1,500 mm Minimum Material Length: 145 mm Flattening Gap Adjustment: Servo Hydraulic / PLC Controlled. Overload Protection: Standard Machine Weight: 40.000 kg Machine Dimensions (L × W × H): 5,200 × 7,185 × 2,260 mm Model: L-9020 Material Thickness: 1.0 mm –30.0 mm Maximum Material Width: 2,000 mm Minimum Material Length: 145 mm Flattening Gap Adjustment: Servo Hydraulic / PLC Controlled. Overload Protection: Standard Machine Dimensions (L × W × H): 5,700 × 7,185 × 2,260 mm

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2026, *TFON Leveltech® Leveling Machine Series -Models: M-5560, M-5511, M-5513, M-5516 -Engineered for precise leveling of materials with a thickness range from 1.0 mm to 15.0 mm, these models offer flexibility in material width and advanced control features for optimal performance. -Material Thickness: 1.0 mm – 15.0 mm -Maximum Material Width: M-5560: 600 mm M-5511: 1.100 mm M-5513: 1,300 mm M-5516: 1,500 mm Minimum Material Length: 110 mm Hodpfxehwb Uwo Ag Isnl Flattening Gap Adjustment: Servo Hydraulic / PLC Controlled. Machine Weight: M-5560: 12.000 kg M-5511: 15.000 kg M-5513: 18,000 kg M-5516: 19.000 kg Machine Dimensions (L × W × H): M-5560: 2,800 × 2,905 × 1,950 mm M-5511: 3,300 × 2,905 × 1,950 mm M-5513: 3,500 × 2,905 × 1,950 mm M-5516: 3,700 × 2,905 × 1,950 mm

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2025, functionality: fully functional, input voltage: 380 V, input frequency: 50 Hz, travel distance X-axis: 6,000 mm, workpiece weight (max.): 1,000 kg, laser power: 20,000 W, pipe diameter (max.): 6,000 mm, Equipment: cooling unit, safety light barrier, Max. Length of Tube: 6m Cutting Capacity of Round Tube: Φ360mm Cutting Capacity of Square Tube: Φ360mm Max. Load: 1000kg Zero Waste Cutting Full stroke movement, capable of cutting both ends of the pipe, improving material utilization Full Pipe Cutting available Standard auxiliary loading and unloading system loading, unloading, and cutting of 6m full pipes available Bevel Cutting Function available Bevel angle adjustable from 0-45° Capable of V, X, Y, K type bevel cutting Hsdpev D T H Tsfx Ag Ijnl Optional Automatic Loading and Unloading Saves labor costs, and increases production efficiency Intelligent production for high efficiency

Condition: new, functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 2026, control type: CNC control, degree of automation: automatic, actuation type: electric, laser type: fiber laser, laser power: 12,000 W, sheet thickness (max.): 30 mm, Equipment: CE marking, centralized greasing system, cooling unit, documentation/manual, dust extraction, emergency stop, fume extraction, nozzle changer, safety light barrier, Supports 12m steel pipe cutting Equipped with fully automatic combined loading and unloading system One-stop intelligent loading, cutting and unloading, increasing production efficiency by 200% Supports multiple processes such as beveling, locking, cutting, punching, opening welding holes, cutting bolt holes, marking and marking Laser power 12,000 W – 20,000 W X-axis travel 1,600 mm Y-axis travel 1,900 mm Z-axis travel 900 mm A-axis rotation ±90° C-axis rotation ±90° U-axis travel 30 mm V-axis travel 13,000 mm Positioning accuracy ±0.1 mm Hsdjw A H T Aepfx Ag Ijnl Max. workpiece section 1,000 × 400 mm Max. supported weight 5 T Supported profiles H-beam, channel steel, I-beam

Condition: good (used), For sale: PWB Swiss measuring device, model TOOL MASTER 310 Very good condition, complete, ready for operation Hsdpfew Humlsx Ag Ijnl Package includes: • TMA 21 control panel • LED displays • Dial gauge • Measuring socket for holders Features: • X and Z axis measurement • Tool setting and calibration for CNC tools • Easy operation • Length and diameter measurement Original user manual included Brand: PWB Swiss Model: Tool Master 310

Condition: excellent (used), For sale: Professional CNC tool measuring and presetting device by PWB Systems AG Switzerland. The presetter is used for precise setting of tool length and diameter before mounting in the CNC machine. This reduces machine setup time and increases machining accuracy. The device is equipped with a SMART optical system with a camera, enabling accurate measurement of the tool edge. Swiss-made equipment – very robust and precise construction. ⸻ Technical specifications • Manufacturer: PWB Systems AG – Switzerland • Model: Tool Master ER10 • Optical system: SMART camera • Measurement: Z / tool length • Digital display with control keyboard • Tool holder Hedpfoyuqu Tjx Ag Ionl • Solid construction

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2002, functionality: fully functional, Nailing machine Brand: LG Machine (Swedish) Year: 2002 Assembly nailing machine full automatick, high cpacity, stacking output. Normal wear, chains and sprockets changed a couple of years ago Techn info: Capacity pallet 800x1200mm approx. 600/day Dimensions of finished pallet Min-max: 60x80mm, 120x160mm Thickness of boards: 16,19,22,25mm Hjdpeua A T Ajfx Ag Ienl Width of wood plank min-max 70-150mm Number of nail pipes 6, mechanical Loose nail dimension 80, 90 mm Saw machine (4 saw blades) for cutting the corners Total dimension/set up approx: 15x7m Price: ask for offer

Condition: excellent (used), XYZ 1500 Turret Milling Machine (Ex College) Hnedpfx Asy N Ak Rsg Isl 2 Axis Newhall DRO Spindle Taper R8 Spindle speeds to 500 – 3500rpm Table Size 1069 x 228mm X – 610mm Y – 305mm Knee Travel: Z – 362mm 415V Electrics Year 2014 Serial Number 103080 Stock Number 2867

Condition: excellent (used), XYZ SLX 555 x 3M CNC Lathe (2016) Stock Number 2851 Protrak SLX CNC Swing over bed 560mm Swing in gap 935mm Swing over cross slides 350mm Distance between centres 3000mm Hnodpfxjx Hp I Ro Ag Isl Spindle bore 104mm Additional Features Protrack SLX Control Drilling Attachment 4 Way Toolpost 3 Jaw Chuck 3 Point Steady

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2019, This MicroStep Master Cut CNC plasma cutting machine, type RS, is being auctioned online in our industrial auction/machinery auction for the inventory of ZINK NFZ GmbH & Co. KG. Hjdpfx Agjy Hqmzs Ionl You can find this and many other items on our platform.

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2010, XYZ SMX 5000 3 Axis CNC Bed Milling Machine ProtoTRAK SMX Control Spindle: 7.5Hp – Programmable 70 – 5000rpm ISO40 Quill Dia 105mm Manufactured 2008 Table: 1930 x 355mm Hnsdpfxoy Ni Ivo Ag Ijl 4 off T Slots size 15.9mm Max load 850kgs Travel: X – 1524mm Y – 596mm Z – 584mm Dims: W - 5805mm D – 2530mm H – 3143mm Weight - 3100Kgs For sale with *Jet Machinery Ltd* Stock No: 79199 Serial No: 11273 Price: £24,950.00 + VAT Whilst every effort has been made to ensure that the above information is accurate it is not guaranteed. We advise prospective purchasers to check any vital details. Health and Safety At Work Act 1974: It is not reasonably practical for ourselves as suppliers to ensure that for your application the goods comply with requirements of the Act with respect to guarding etc. Prospective purchasers should ensure that a guarding specialist inspect the goods prior to use.

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2017, XYZ 2000 Turret Milling Machine (2017) (Ex College) 3 Axis Newhall DRO (X, Y & Knee) Spindle Taper R8 Spindle speeds to 500 – 4200 rev/min Table Size 1270 x 254mm Hnodpfx Ajxxb Rrsg Iel Table Travel: X - 812mm Y - 406mm Knee Travel: Z - 406mm Quill Travel Z - 127mm For sale with Jet Machinery Ltd Jet Machinery Stock No: #79047 Machine Serial Number: 12907 Cost: £9,950.00 + VAT Whilst every effort has been made to ensure that the above information is accurate it is not guaranteed. We advise prospective purchasers to check any vital details. Health and Safety At Work Act 1974: It is not reasonably practical for ourselves as suppliers to ensure that for your application the goods comply with requirements of the Act with respect to guarding etc. Prospective purchasers should ensure that a guarding specialist inspect the goods prior to use.

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2015, XYZ 2-OP Vertical Machining Centre ProtoTRAK TMX Control (2015) Year of Manufacture: 2015 Spindle Speeds to 6,000rpm Spindle Taper BT30 Table Size 457 x 381mm Hodpfx Agoya H Nke Ijnl Table Travels 355 x 305 x 455mm (XYZ) 6 Station ATC Rapid Traveres 15m/min Footprint 760 x 1,220 x 2500mm Weight 1100kgs 415V Electrics Air Require for ATC For sale with *Jet Machinery Ltd* Jet Machinery Stock No: #79155 Machine Serial Number: SOP02060 Cost: £17,950.00 + VAT Whilst every effort has been made to ensure that the above information is accurate it is not guaranteed. We advise prospective purchasers to check any vital details. Health and Safety At Work Act 1974: It is not reasonably practical for ourselves as suppliers to ensure that for your application the goods comply with requirements of the Act with respect to guarding etc. Prospective purchasers should ensure that a guarding specialist inspect the goods prior to use.

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2012, XYZ SLX555 x 3m ProtoTRAK Control Gap Bed Centre Lathe ProtoTRAK SLX Control (2012) Max. Distance Between Centres 3000mm Max. Swing over Bed 560mm Max. Swing over Gap 935mm Max. Swing over Cross slides 350mm Max. Cross slide Travel 290mm Spindle Nose D1-11 Spindle Bore 104mm Spindle Speeds 30 – 1800rpm Spindle Motor 15Hp Quick Change Tool Post Tailstock MT7 Tailstock Dia’ 75mm Tailstock Travel 160m Manufactured | 2012 Dimensions: L x D x H 5220 x 2150 x 1950 mm Weight 7400 kg Supplied with: 3 Jaw Chuck Machine Handbooks TRAKing®. Constant Surface Speed. Rapid Traverse with Joy Stick. QCTP & Holders 2 x Fixed Steadys 15” Interlocking Guards Auto Lubrication. Coolant. Worklight We can offer delivery & installation, operator training and warranties. *For sale with Jet Machinery Ltd* Jet Machinery Stock No: #79024 Machine Serial Number: SLM00035 £47,500.00 + VAT Hodpfx Aeyaywheg Ienl Whilst every effort has been made to ensure that the above information is accurate it is not guaranteed. We advise prospective purchasers to check any vital details. Health and Safety At Work Act 1974: It is not reasonably practical for ourselves as suppliers to ensure that for your application the goods comply with requirements of the Act with respect to guarding etc. Prospective purchasers should ensure that a guarding specialist inspect the goods prior to use.

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2021, XYZ RMX 3500 3 Axis CNC Bed Milling Machine ProtoTRAK RMX Control YOM 2021 Spindle: 5HP – Programmable 40 – 5000rpm 2 Ranges 40 – 600 & 300 – 5000rpm ISO40 Quill Dia 105mm Table: 1370 x 355mm 4 0ff T Slots T Slot size 15.9mm Max load 600kgs Travel: X – 787mm Y – 508mm Head Vertical (Z) – 500mm Quill (Z) 127mm Dims without travel – 1905 x 2069 x 2225mm Dim with travel – 2758 x 2869 x 2490mm Weight 2430Kgs Power Requirements 22A Air Requirements 6bar YOM 2021 For Sale with Jet Machinery Ltd Jet Machinery Stock Number: #78900 Machine Serial Number: RM310097 £35,000.00 + VAT Hsdpjx D Tbmefx Ag Ienl Whilst every effort has been made to ensure that the above information is accurate it is not guaranteed. We advise prospective purchasers to check any vital details. Health and Safety At Work Act 1974: It is not reasonably practical for ourselves as suppliers to ensure that for your application the goods comply with requirements of the Act with respect to guarding etc. Prospective purchasers should ensure that a guarding specialist inspect the goods prior to use.

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2012, XYZ SMX 4000 ProtoTRAK CNC Bed Milling Machine ProtoTRAK SMX Control Year of Manufacture 2012 Spindle: 7.5Hp – Programmable 70 – 5000rpm ISO40 Quill Dia 105mm Table: 1474 x 355mm Max load 850kgs Travel: X – 1,060mm Y – 596mm Z – 520mm Dims without travels: W - 2370mm D – 2485mm H – 2660mm Weight - 3100Kgs For Sale with Jet Machinery Ltd Jet Machinery Stock No: #79167 Machine Serial Number: 10836 Cost: £22,500.00 + VAT Whilst every effort has been made to ensure that the above information is accurate it is not guaranteed. We advise prospective purchasers to check any vital details. Hnjdpfxoyzf Nao Ag Iel Health and Safety At Work Act 1974: It is not reasonably practical for ourselves as suppliers to ensure that for your application the goods comply with requirements of the Act with respect to guarding etc. Prospective purchasers should ensure that a guarding specialist inspect the goods prior to use.

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2005, XYZ Proturn VL425 ProtoTRAK Control Gap Bed Centre Lathe ProtoTRAK VL Control (Reconditioned 2025) Max’ Distance Between Centres 1250mm Max Swing over Bed 400mm Max’ Swing over Gap 700mm Spindle Bore 80mm Spindle Speeds 25 – 2500 rev/min Spindle Motor 10hp / 7.5Kw Quick Change Tool Post Tailstock MT5 Tailstock Dia’ 75mm Tailstock Travel 160m Manufactured | 2005 We can offer delivery & installation, operater training and warranties. Supplied with: 3 Jaw Chuck Tooling as photographed Machine Handbooks 3 Toolholders (More available if required). Tracking Coolant Worklight Auto Lubrication *For sale with Jet Machinery Ltd* Jet Machinery Stock No: #78938 Machine Serial Number: L247 Hnodpfx Agext Ibys Isl Cost: £14,950.00 + VAT Whilst every effort has been made to ensure that the above information is accurate it is not guaranteed. We advise prospective purchasers to check any vital details. Health and Safety At Work Act 1974: It is not reasonably practical for ourselves as suppliers to ensure that for your application the goods comply with requirements of the Act with respect to guarding etc. Prospective purchasers should ensure that a guarding specialist inspect the goods prior to use.