Used Dye Vertical Lathe for sale (12,432)

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2002, feed length Y-axis: 1,200 mm, feed length Z-axis: 900 mm, Make: Daewoo-Doosan Model: PUMA V-1200M Category: Vertical CNC Turning Center Year of manufacture: 2002 CNC Control: FANUC Series 18-T Machine weight: 23,000 kg Machine dimensions Length: 8,500 mm Width: 4,900 mm Height: 5,650 mm Capacities Maximum turning diameter: Ø 1,600 mm Maximum machining diameter: Ø 1,600 mm Maximum machining height: 1,200 mm Maximum load on spindle: 6,000 kg Main spindle Pjdpfoziavnjx Adlsgu Chuck diameter: Ø 1,200 mm Spindle speed: 2 ÷ 320 rpm Number of ranges: 2 Motor power: 37/45 kW (continuous / 30 min) Powered spindle (RAM) Tool holder: ISO-50 Speed: 15 ÷ 1,500 rpm RAM section: 240 × 240 mm Travels X-axis: 1,200 mm Z-axis: 900 mm C-axis: 360° (minimum resolution 0.001°) Feed rates Rapid traverse X/Z axes: 10,000 mm/min Working feed rate X/Z: 3,000 mm/min Turret Number of stations: 16 Tool holders: BT-50 Drawbar type: 403 P50T-I Maximum tool diameter: Ø 400 mm Maximum tool length: 450 mm Maximum tool weight: 50 kg Maximum tool weight in the magazine: 600 kg Accessories Chip conveyor Coolant tank with washing pumps Spindle line cooler Powered and fixed tool holders Manuals, electrical diagrams, and CE Declaration.

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2010, functionality: fully functional, We offer you: CNC vertical turning center Manufacturer: EMAG Type: VSC 250 Duo DD Year of manufacture: 2010 / 2012 Control system: Siemens 840D sl Technical data: Max. turning diameter: 250 mm Max. swing diameter: 260 mm Main spindle: Max. speed: 4,500 rpm Max. torque: 250 / 340 / 460 Nm Spindle bore: 52 mm Chuck diameter: 250 mm Tool turret: Number of turrets: 2 Number of tool positions: 12 Max. tool diameter: 50 mm Max. workpiece weight: 20 kg Max. workpiece diameter: 240 mm Feeds: Rapid traverse (x / z): 45 / 30 m/min Pgsdpozdbv Tefx Adlsu Total power consumption: 66 / 75 kW Machine weight: approx. 16 / 18.5 tons There are 3 identical machines available, 2 manufactured in 2010, 1 in 2012. Technical features & accessories: - Marposs measuring system - Open automation - W10 loading portal - Safety guard - Minimum quantity lubrication - In-process quality control - Central coolant supply (not included) - Chip conveyor Accessories, tools and clamping devices shown in the images are only included in the scope of delivery if this is stated in the additional information. Subject to change and errors in the technical data and information, as well as prior sale!

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2001, faceplate diameter 850 mm swing diameter 1200 mm turning height 1000 mm Control Siemens type 840 D Tool changer 36 Pos. x-travel 870 mm z-travel 1020 mm The tech. Data are manufacturer or operator information and therefore non- binding. We reserve the right to prior sale; Our terms and conditions of sale apply exclusively. About us More than 400 of our own machines in stock Over 15,000 m² of storage space, 70 t crane capacity More than 10,000 items and accessories for your workshop If you are interested in selling machines, production lines, or your business, please contact us. You can find further offers on our website. Tours are Pgjdpey Swhiefx Adlsu possible by appointment. We look forward to your visit. Your Markus Hirsch Team

Year of construction: 2011, condition: ready for operation (used), An Emag vertical CNC lathe is available. Clamping chuck diameter: 250mm, max. circulation diameter: 270mm, max. machining diameter: 250mm, max. machining length: 175mm, speed: 4500rpm, tool positions: 12, tool holder: VDI 40, travel X/Z: 660mm/300mm, rapid traverse X/Z: 60m/30m/min. Machine dimensions X/Y/Z: approx. 4300mm/1600mm/3300mm, weight: approx. 7500kg, control: Fanuc Series 32i-Model A, operating hours: 64137h. Including automatic loading and unloading with pick-up spindle and integrated part diverter and workpiece storage. Documentation available. On-site inspection is possible. Podpfx Ajwtg E Tsdlsgu

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2014, workpiece weight (max.): 25,000 kg, total length: 10,000 mm, total height: 6,000 mm, total width: 10,000 mm, overall weight: 60,000 kg, DÖRRIES SCHARMANN VCE 3000 / 280 CNC Vertikaldrehmaschine Modernisierung: im Rahmen des Retrofits im Jahr 2014 auf Siemens SINUMERIK 840D SLArbeitsbereichTi schdurchmesser: 2.800 mm Max. Umlaufdurchmesser / Drehdurchmesser: 3.000 mm Max. Tischbelastung: 25.000 kg Max. Drehhöhe: ca. 2.100 mm Verfahrweg X-Achse: ±1.550 mm Verfahrweg Z-Achse / RAM-Hub: 1.500 mmHauptantrieb und SpindelnHauptantrieb: Siemens-Hauptmotor Antriebsleistung: 130 kW Max. Spindeldrehzahl: 4.500 min⁻¹ Betriebsart: S6, 40 %Ausstattung: 2 vertikale SpindelnWerkzeugwechsler und Peripherieo    2 automatische Werkzeugwechslero    Kühlschmierstoffanlageo    Späneförderero    Ölnebelabsaugungo    2 separate HydraulikaggregateBetriebsstunden: ca. 12.571 Stunden laut mechanischem Betriebsstundenzähler Table diameter: 2,800 mm Control: Siemens SINUMERIK 840D SL Component weight max.: 25,000 kg Swing: 3,000 mm Rotation height max.: 2,100 mm Weight approx.: 60,000 kg Dimensions (LxWxH) approx.: 10000 x 10000 x 6000 mm Year of construction: 2,014 Pgsdpszmkzpjfx Adlou Condition: good Terms of payment: 100% prepayment before pick-up Terms of delivery: EXW EX Works under power: No

Condition: like new (used), Year of construction: 1970, turning height: 4,000 mm, workpiece weight (max.): 100,000 kg, turning diameter: 17,000 mm, faceplate diameter: 5,000 mm, Universal machine 5-axis (turning, milling) Froriep 40KE 500/600-400 Spheromill Year of construction: 1970 (modernized 1984 and 2006) Control: Siemens 840D Milling length: 8500 mm Working height max: 4000 mm Maximum turning diameter: 17,000 mm Table diameter: 5000 mm Ram setting: -15 degrees to +90 degrees Table speed max: 40 rpm (100 kW) Maximum working load: 100 tons Accessories Milling head (800 rpm / 60 kW) Psdpfxjym Ri Ue Adlogu Universal milling head (630 rpm) Facing slide for diameter max. 1000 mm Grinding equipment 90 degree angle head (630 rpm) 90 degree angle head (450 rpm) - small

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 1982, functionality: fully functional, Single-column vertical turning lathe | Dörries VCE 1400 The machine was overhauled in 2010 by Hering, has recently been cleaned, and is in good condition. - Table diameter: 1,000 mm - Swing diameter: 1,400 mm - Turning height: 1,100 mm - Siemens CNC control type 840 D Shop Turn - Tool changer - X-axis travel: 2,000 mm - Z-axis travel: 700 mm - Slide adjustment: 1,000 mm Pedpfx Ajyft Nnjdljgu - Rapid traverse: 6,000 mm/min - Spindle speed: 500 rpm - Handwheel - Total power requirement: 62 kW Inspection possible at any time by appointment. #Tags: Doerries | VCE1400 | Dörries VCE

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1995, faceplate diameter 4000 mm swing diameter 4300 mm turning height 1750 mm slide adjustment 1000 mm table load 18 t turning speeds 43,7 U/min Control Siemens type 840 D mm Rest 2 ram head dimension 250x250 mm live tooling 36 kw total power requirement 85 KVA weight of the machine ca. 64 t dimensions of the machine ca. 8x5,8x8 m The tech. Data are manufacturer or operator information and therefore non- binding. We reserve the right to prior sale; Our terms and conditions of sale apply exclusively. About us More than 400 of our own machines in stock Over 15,000 m² of storage space, 70 t crane capacity More than 10,000 items and accessories for your workshop If you are interested in selling machines, production lines, or your business, Pgsdpfx Adeyqvu Rsleu please contact us. You can find further offers on our website. Tours are possible by appointment. We look forward to your visit. Your Markus Hirsch Team

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1992, faceplate diameter 1250 mm swing diameter 1400 mm turning height 980 mm table load 3 t Control Siemens type Sinumerik 880T x-axis 1000 mm z-axis 1000 mm w-axis 600 mm c-axis 360 ° Tool changer 62 Pos. grinding head horizonzal grinding head vertical Psdjyt Rzdepfx Adlsgu power capacity - table 69 kW weight of the machine ca. 26 t dimensions of the machine ca. 8,7x7x5,2 m • Table speed / Drehzahl der Planscheibe: 2 Getriebestufen, Drehzahl = 4,5 – 500U/min • Ram section / Stößel Querschnitte: 240mm x 240mm • Live tools speed / Drehzahl der angetriebene Werkzeuge: o Schleifspindel waagerecht: 3000U/min o Schleifspindel senkrecht: 3000 – 6000U/min o Fräsen: 10-2000U/min • Live tools power / KW Leistung der angetriebenen Werkzeuge: o Schleifspindel waagerecht: 3kW o Schleifspindel senkrecht: 3kW The tech. Data are manufacturer or operator information and therefore non- binding. We reserve the right to prior sale; Our terms and conditions of sale apply exclusively. About us More than 400 of our own machines in stock Over 15,000 m² of storage space, 70 t crane capacity More than 10,000 items and accessories for your workshop If you are interested in selling machines, production lines, or your business, please contact us. You can find further offers on our website. Tours are possible by appointment. We look forward to your visit. Your Markus Hirsch Team

Condition: used, Technical details: faceplate diameter: 1400 mm Podpoztn U Tsfx Adljgu swing diameter: 1470 mm turning height: 1325 mm ram stroke range: 750 mm adjustment of cross-rail: 850 mm max. workpiece weight: 12000 kg faceplate turning speed range: 4,5 - 224 U/min feed per revolution: 0,06 - 8 mm rapid speed: 1,8 m/min total power requirement: 50 kW weight of the machine ca.: 16 t Machine was modernized in 2008 with new electric 2-axes digital readout 5-station turret head autom. swivelling diverse toolholders *

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2000, faceplate diameter 3200 mm swing diameter 3500 mm turning height 2200 mm range L-W-H 7730 x 6240 x 6700 mm control Typ 840 D sl voltage 3 x 400 V frequency 50 Hz turning speeds 0,8 - 40 U/min max. turning diameter 3500 mm total power requirement 51 kW weight of the machine ca. 86 t Technical specifications Machine type: CNC vertical lathe Manufacturer: Rafamet Year of manufacture: 1973 conventional General overhaul with control retrofit 2010 Control upgrade 2016 Control: Siemens 840 D Sl Condition: very good faceplate Turning diameter of the faceplate 3,200 mm Number of rotation stages of the face plate 3 (infinitely variable) Speed ??ranges of the faceplate 0.8 - 40 rpm Pgedpfx Aouddcgedleu Level I 0.8 – 3 rpm Level II 0.8 - 11 rpm Level III 0.8 – 40 rpm processing of workpieces Max. turning diameter 3,500 mm Max. turning height of the workpieces above the faceplate 2,200 mm vertical supports Smallest axis distance between the vertical supports 470 mm Largest ram travel of the left vertical support 985 mm Largest ram travel of the right vertical support 985 mm Axis Feeds - Infinitely variable feed Max.: X1.2 3m/min max.: z1.2 2.5 m/min Plunger cannot be pivoted Support — crossbar Rapid feed of the cross beam 600 mm/min Larger distance of the cross beam to the faceplate 2,300 mm load sizes +Permissible turning force when turning workpieces with a turning diameter of 2,000 mm and a turning speed of 20 m/min. 8,000kg +Largest chip cross-section for workpieces made of steel Fz = 50 kg/mm² at a turning speed of 20 m/min for all supports 45 mm² +Largest chip cross-section for workpieces made of steel Fz = 50 kg/mm² at a rotation speed of 20 m/min for a vertical support with max. plunger length 985 mm 2.5 mm² +Largest chip cross-section for cast iron workpieces HB = 160 kg/mm² at a turning speed of 20 m/min for all supports 120 mm² +Largest chip cross-section for cast iron workpieces HB = 160 kg/mm² at a rotation speed of 20 m/min for a vertical support with max. plunger length 985 mm 22.5 mm² +Largest permitted workpiece weight at 0.8 - 3.15 rpm 17,500 kg +Largest permitted workpiece weight at 4 - 40 rpm 7,500 kg electric motors Main drive motor power and revolutions 51 kW Power of the feed motors of: - Vertical support beam (2 pieces) 16 Nm (gear 1:10) - Tappet (2 pieces) 16 Nm (gear 1:12) Power and revolutions of the drive motor of the hydraulic pumps (2 pieces) 3kW - 1,500 rpm Power and revolutions of the clamp hydraulic motor of the vertical support beam 1.5 kW - 1,500 rpm Power and rotation for crossbar adjustment 15 kW - 1500 rpm 3.5 Information on the compressed air supply and other consumables Compressed air connection: 6 bar free of oil and water 3.6 Energy Consumption Conditions Voltage: 3 x 400V Control Voltage: 24V Frequency: 50Hz Fusing: 315 A Main dimensions and weight of the machine Length 7,730mm Width 6,240mm Height: 6,700mm Weight: 85,750 kg Tool: Capto 60 recording Not powered front panel Turning diameter of the front plate 3,200 mm Clamping disc diameter 3,400 mm Number of rotation levels of the front panel 3 (continuously adjustable) Front panel speed ranges 0.8 - 40 rpm Level I 0.8 - 3 rpm Level II 0.8 - 11 rpm Level III 0.8 - 40 rpm processing of workpieces Max. turning diameter 3,500 mm Max. turning height of the workpieces above ...

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 1992, VTL SC Numerik CNC H 645 Chuck diameter – 1,450 mm Max. turning diameter – 1,650 mm Maximum workpiece height – 1,200 mm Table speed – 2 – 200 rpm Working feed range – 0.1 – 400 mm/min Rapid traverse – 4,000 mm/min Main motor – 55 kW Pgedozibuxopfx Adleu Weight – approx. 21 tons Video showing the machine in operation is available!

Condition: good (used), functionality: fully functional, Vertical lathe BERTHIEZ Pjdpfx Adsy Egb Sslogu Brand: BERTHIEZ Table diameter: 2550 mm Max. turning diameter: 2800 mm Machinable height: 2300 mm Max. load: 25 t Speeds: 1 - 160 rpm Floor dimensions: 4000 x 4000 mm

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2003, functionality: fully functional, For sale used Mori Seiki VL-25A1 in excellent condition. Year: 2003 Pgedpeuf Tb Uefx Adlou Mori Siki Mori Siki Mori Siki Mori Siki, 2003. Delivery parity: EXW Székesfehérvár. We can assist in disassembling and assembling the machine on request.

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2009, turning height: 1,280 mm, total height: 5,600 mm, total width: 3,850 mm, total length: 4,260 mm, rotary table diameter: 1,400 mm, workpiece diameter (max.): 1,600 mm, overall weight: 21,500 kg, CNC Vertical lathe Fremtas - 16FR3 MACH-ID 9467 Make: Fremtas Type: 16FR3 Control: FAGOR 8055 TC Year: 2009 Work load 6300 Kg Cross rail adjustment 660 mm Feed rate cross rail 0 - 400 mm/Min Feed rate 0 - 3000 mm/Min Rapid feed 0 - 8000 mm/Min Central lubrication Chip conveyor RAM with Sandvik COROMONT C8 Tooling C8 with double connector Ca 10 units CAPTO Tool system 4 extra heavy duty jaws Max. turning Ø: 1600mm Table Ø: 1400mm Horizontal movement support:1000mm Psdpfjy Htilox Adlegu Speeds / ranges: 1 - 200Rpm Power: 75kW Maximum turning height: 1280mm Vertical movement support: 700mm Length: 4260mm Width: 3850mm Height: 5600mm Weight: 21500kg Please Note: The information on this page has been obtained to the best of our ability and belief, and from the manufacturers where possible. It is given in good faith, but its accuracy can not be guaranteed. Accordingly, it will not form a representation or constitute contractual terms. We advise you to check any vital details!

Condition: ready for operation (used), functionality: fully functional, AUTOMATIC VERTICAL COPY LATHE model GENINI GS 120 second hand 3 spindles + copy automatic movement of carriage feeding speed of carriage is regulable Pgjdpfsyl Iufox Adlju quick reverse of carriage automatic movement of tools unit pneumatic press distance between spindles mm.160 max. length to work 1200 tools motor power Hp 4 volt. 380/50

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2011, Vertical Twin-Spindle Turning Center - Siemens 840 D CNC control - VSC 400 Duo machine bed - 2 x disc turrets, 12 station, dia. 40 mm, driven - 2 x additional drilling and countersinking stations - Open workpiece transport system - Transfer and turning unit - Interface for an external handling system - Central high-pressure coolant supply with pump, 70 bar - Air blow-off for pick-up unit and clamping devices - Workpiece measurement system - Tool monitoring - Emag network option - Sister tool management system Swing diameter: 260 mm X travel: 860 mm Z travel: 200 mm Main spindles: 2 Max spindle speed: up to 4,500 rpm Spindle distance: 1,055 mm Main drive: 2 AC asynchronous motor 60% / 100% duty cycle: 39 / 28 kW Max torque: 460 Nm Podpfey N Snxex Adlegu Rapid traverse (X / Z): 45 / 30 m/min

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2006, functionality: fully functional, Max. machining diameter: 2,800 mm Min. machining diameter: 1,400 mm Max. machining height: 600 mm Podpfx Adszu Itrolegu Max. workpiece weight: 5,000 kg Rotational speed of the chuck: 21–68 /min.

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2015, faceplate diameter 1250 mm swing diameter 1500 mm turning height 1250 mm Control Siemens type 840 Dsl tool taper 4 Pos. The machine was overhauled in 2015 by Matuschek. Siemens 840 DSL Shop Turn The tech. Data are manufacturer or operator information and therefore non- binding. We reserve the right to prior sale; Our terms and conditions of sale Pgjdpfxoyqr S Eo Adleu apply exclusively. About us More than 400 of our own machines in stock Over 15,000 m² of storage space, 70 t crane capacity More than 10,000 items and accessories for your workshop If you are interested in selling machines, production lines, or your business, please contact us. You can find further offers on our website. Tours are possible by appointment. We look forward to your visit. Your Markus Hirsch Team

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1995, faceplate diameter 4000 mm swing diameter 4300 mm turning height 1750 mm slide adjustment 1000 mm table load 18 t turning speeds 1-92 U/min Control Siemens type 840 D mm Rest 2 ram head dimension 250x250 mm Feed 1-4000 mm/min main gear-box motor 55 kW total power requirement 85 KVA weight of the machine ca. 64 t dimensions of the machine ca. 8x5,8x8 m The machine was overhauled in 2007. Pgsdpfoyquyfjx Adlou The machine is currently designed to machine rings, but can be converted again for machining large parts. Additional information Chip conveyor The tech. Data are manufacturer or operator information and therefore non- binding. We reserve the right to prior sale; Our terms and conditions of sale apply exclusively. About us More than 400 of our own machines in stock Over 15,000 m² of storage space, 70 t crane capacity More than 10,000 items and accessories for your workshop If you are interested in selling machines, production lines, or your business, please contact us. You can find further offers on our website. Tours are possible by appointment. We look forward to your visit. Your Markus Hirsch Team

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 1970, functionality: fully functional, Single Column Vertical Turning Lathe | Froriep DS 14 NC The machine was overhauled in 2009, recently cleaned, and is in good condition. - Table diameter: 1,400 mm - Swing diameter: 1,600 mm - Turning height: 1,500 mm - Siemens control type 840 D - Automatic tool changer - Workpiece weight: 6,500 kg - Vertical slide travel: 1,000 mm - Spindle speed: 10–315 rpm - Feed rate: 3,600 mm/min Pgjdpfjyft S Ajx Adlsu Inspection is possible at any time by prior arrangement. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - #Tags: Froriep | DS14 | DS14NC

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2016, controller manufacturer: Siemens, controller model: Sinumerik, _____ Description: Year of manuf. : 2016 Psdpfx Adoz Htpgjlegu Control : Siemens Sinumerik General: Year of construction:2016 Control:Siemens Sinumerik Chuck diameter:170 mm Swing diameter:240 mm Travel X/Z:720 / 300 mm Spindle: Speed:6,000 rpm Chuck:3-jaw chuck SMW Autoblok KNCS-N 170-43 Tool carrier: Technology:Turret, 12 stations Tool holder:VDI 42 Driven tool holders:Yes Automation: Technology:Integrated workpiece storage Features / Accessories: Chip disposal:Chip conveyor Coolant filtration:KNOLL band filter system (type 240 S-1) Fire protection:Kraft & Bauer argon extinguishing system

Condition: refurbished (used), Year of construction: 1987, functionality: fully functional, turning diameter: 4,300 mm, faceplate diameter: 4,000 mm, Vertical Turning Lathe SC43 CNC, retrofitted and upgraded with CNC Fanuc 0𝑖-TF Plus Made in Romania by TITAN Year of manufacture: 1987 The machine was completely retrofitted in 2026 Main technical data: FACE PLATE DIA. MM 4000 MAX. SWING MM 4300 MAX HEIGHT UNDER THE CROSSRAIL MM 2000 MAX. LOADING ADMITTED KG 18,000 FACEPLATE SPEED RANGE 1-92 RPM FEEDS RANGE MM/ROT 0.05-5 CARRIAGE RAPID FEEDS MM/MIN 2500 MAIN D.C. MOTOR POWER KW 55 SIEMENS WITH SIEMENS DRIVER MACHINE WEIGHT APPROX. 63 TONS Pedpfx Adsy A Iifelegu The machine has the following brand new components: - New electrical equipment with parts made by Schneider, Shrack, Siemens, with a new cabinet - New control panel - New micro switches - New hydraulic pump and components - New pump for guideway lubrication, and the entire installation was redone - New CNC Fanuc 0𝑖-TF Plus 55KW Main motor, Siemens, refurbished in 2018 with Siemens driver The main gearbox was checked and refurbished with new bearings. The machine was repainted. We grant a 6-month guarantee for parts. We can send more photos and a video showing the machine’s precision measurements. Do not hesitate to contact us.

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2008, Vertical CNC-Lathe Machine type: Gildemeister CTV 400 V3 Control: Sinumerik 840D powerline (XP) Year: 2008 SPECIFICATIONS X-Axis: 700 mm Z-Axis: 340 mm C-Axis Max. revolution: 3.500 rpm Spindle power: 47 kW Torque: 1.100 Nm Direktantrieb Amount of turrets: 1 Tool capacity: 12 Driven Tools: 12 Tool: VDI 50 Pedszing Uspfx Adlogu Amount of paletts: 15 Accessories

Year of construction: 1993, condition: ready for operation (used), Vertical lathe machining centre Dörries Scharmann type: VCE 2000/160 Pallet size: 1.600 mm Pallet load: max. 8.000 kg Number of pallets 13 pcs Table indexing C-Axis 0.001° Table cross travel (X) 2.300 mm Column longitudinal travel (Z) 1.500 mm Crossbeam positions: 9 steps off 100 mm Feed X/Y/Z 1 – 6.000 mm/min. Rapid X/Y/Z 8 m/min. Max rotary diameter 2.000 mm Max workpiece height 1.500 mm Main Spindle Spindle drive motor: 69KW Spindle speed: 2.8 – 315 rpm ATC for turning 59 pots - system 240.2 Live spindle – SK50 Pjdpoguk S Sjfx Adlegu Spindle drive motor: 30KW Spindle speed: 10 – 1500 rpm ATC for SK50 61 pots CNC controller Siemens Sinumerik 880M Accessories FMS 13 pallets Rotary loading stations 2 pcs Coolant unit with filtration system Coolant through spindle Machine weight Approx 40T. Build year 1993