Used Bodo Gerhard Single-Head Drilling Machine for sale (71,661)

Year of construction: 1998, condition: ready for operation (used), A CNC PCB drilling and milling machine for PCB manufacturing is available. Stations: 2, Speed: 125000rpm, Collet: 3.175mm, Tool diameter range: 0.1mm-6.35mm, Working dimensions X/Y: 630mm/765mm, Positioning accuracy: 5µm, Repeatability: 4µm, Rapid traverse: 25m/min. Documentation available. An on-site inspection is possible. Cjdpfx Afjzhw Thjmsgw

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 1988, Drilling capacity in steel (diameter) 40 mm Overhang 1,250 mm Spindle mount MK 5 Drilling spindle stroke 355 mm Speed range 20 – 1200 rpm Cgodszgdfbspfx Afmsw Machine weight approx. 3.0 t

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1970, Technical details: Cedpfx Ajzgcx Hjfmegw bore stroke: 170 mm total power requirement: 3,5 kW dimensions of the machine ca.: 0,75 x 1,10 m

Condition: used, functionality: fully functional, Comec FMC 900 Drilling Machine Automatic loading from a magazine Codpfxjzga Eqo Afmsgw Number of spindles: 4 Main motor power: 4 kW Maximum element length: 900 mm Maximum element width: 100 mm Maximum drilling distance: 800 mm Application: Suitable for large-scale production of chairs, beds, cots, and components for other furniture.

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 1985, functionality: fully functional, overall weight: 7,650 kg, total height: 3,500 mm, total length: 3,410 mm, total width: 1,270 mm, If you are interested, I am happy to send the technical datasheet. - Radial drilling machine HCP GRV 554 - Year of manufacture: 1985 - Price is ex works, loaded in 27729 Hambergen Cgsdpfx Afex A Dpfsmew - The machine can be inspected; please schedule an appointment - The machine is sold without warranty or guarantee. However, it has always operated reliably until disconnection - A box table is also included, dimensions: 1200 x 750 x 500 mm - Machine weight: 7,650 kg - Machine dimensions: 3,410 x 1,270 x 3,500 mm - We are happy to assist with transport/installation; costs are quoted in advance at a fixed price!

Condition: used, Technical details: bore capacity in steel (diameter): 2-20 mm throat: 210 mm bore stroke: 100 mm Distance spindle/table max.: 450 mm range of revolution per miute: I : 450-1800 + II: 900-3550 / 4step U/min spindle taper MT: 2 table surface area: 340x280 mm Cgsdpfx Afezgaiismew total power requirement: 1,1 kW machine weight ab.: 165 kg transport dimensions LxWxH: 0,6 x 0,5 x 1,28 m Robust industrial drilling machine manufactured in the former East Germany by the "Fritz Heckert" Machine Tool Combine. Equipped with a 1.1 kW motor, 380 V three-phase power supply, and a machine weight of approximately 165 kg. Precision machine suitable for drilling, countersinking, and light reaming operations. Solid cast-iron construction, ideal for toolmaking, workshops, maintenance departments, and training facilities. *

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 1981, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 8109/30, Drilling and Dowel Inserting Machine with PLC + Part Return | 8 heads For sale: a professional through-feed drilling and dowel inserting machine for the production of furniture components, particularly drawer sides. The machine is equipped with PLC control, automatic part return, and an expanded head arrangement (including rear heads), enabling the complete operation to be performed in a single pass—without re-feeding the workpiece. Technical Specifications: - Number of heads/motors: 8 - Head configuration: front/side/rear (double-sided machining in a single cycle) - Control: PLC - Part return: yes (closed production loop) - Maximum working width: 2000 mm - Power supply: 400 V - Pneumatics: yes - Year of manufacture: 1981 - Manufacturer: Gerhard Koch (Germany) - Condition: operational, in ongoing serial production Performance: Codpfx Asyzg Udofmegw Approx. 6,000 drawer sides per 8-hour shift Thanks to the rear heads, components that typically require two passes are processed in one, significantly reducing cycle times and increasing productivity. Applications: - Drawer sides - Cabinet components - Batch and repeat production - Automated production lines Key advantages: - Single pass processing instead of two - High repeatability - Stable, heavy-duty construction - Perfect for mass production - Proven German technology Location: Elbląg Please contact me for further information.

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2018, functionality: fully functional, input frequency: 50 Hz, working width: 1,200 mm, For sale: Throughfeed drilling and dowel inserting machine LAZZONI Group – model Next 2+3K, designed for efficient series production of furniture components. The machine is equipped with automatic infeed and outfeed of workpieces, allowing for single-operator use and significantly reducing production costs. Key Information: Manufacturer: Lazzoni Group Model: Next 2+3K Year of manufacture: 2018 Control: PLC + operator panel (HMI) Functions: Drilling + automatic dowel insertion Working width: 230–1200 mm Working height: 10–22 mm Working depth: 40–260 mm Power supply: 400 V / 50 Hz Installed power: 9.1 kW Machine weight: approx. 2900 kg CE certificate Working Configuration: - Number of heads: 5 - 2 side heads - 3 top heads - Total number of spindles: 35 (7 spindles per head) - Spindle pitch: 32 mm - Throughfeed operation – ideal for repeatable parts Automation and Ergonomics: - Infeed magazine - Outfeed magazine (no need for a second operator) - Automatic dowel insertion - Fast retooling/changeover - Stable and repeatable operation for large production runs Cgodpfoywxy Rex Afmow Applications: - Drawer side production - Furniture carcass components - Fronts, sides, rails - Ideal for both large factories and smaller businesses focusing on automation The machine is in good working condition, has been used in serial production, and is available for inspection onsite. Loading assistance available. Location: Elbląg Net price: 25,000 PLN

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2010, functionality: fully functional, SHARPENING MACHINE MOD. APE 40 UP TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS: Sharpening diameter from 2 to 40 mm Right and left cutting edges from 1 to 12 Drill angle 40°-180° Horizontal wheel center electric spindle power 0.76 kW Vertical wheel center electric spindle power 0.18 kW Pump motor power 0.06 kW Cgodjzhplcopfx Afmjw Approximate weight 230 kg Machine dimensions mm 1040 x 750 x 1330

Condition: used, bore capacity in steel (diameter) 50 mm arm length 1100 mm bore capacity in cast iron 60 mm quill stroke 300 mm tool taper MK 5 speeds 22 - 1000 U/min feeds ja mm/U Boring motor 4,5 kw total power requirement 7,5 kW weight of the machine ca. 3200 kg Cgsdszhn U Aspfx Afmsw dimensions of the machine ca. 2,1 x 0,9 x 2,85 m Radial drilling machine - Box table 750 x 750 x 500 mm - Coolant system - Emergency stop device

Condition: excellent (used), CATALOG NO. 7911 TECHNICAL DATA - Number of spindles: 29 pcs - Distance between outermost spindles: 900 mm - Spindle pitch: 32 mm - Table surface: 700x1220 mm - Table height: 930 mm - Pneumatic clamps: 3 pcs - Drilling vertically, horizontally, and at an angle - Vertical/horizontal operation – pneumatic table adjustment - Pneumatic lifting of drilling head - Dimensions (L/W/H): 1400/1050/1400 mm - Weight: 744 kg ADVANTAGES – Manufactured by Italian brand SCM – For 29 drills – Not repainted – Very good condition – Used drilling machine Net price: 5,900 PLN Net price: 1,400 EUR at an exchange rate of 4.2 EUR Cgsdpfxjy Tw Sws Afmsw (Prices may change with significant exchange rate fluctuations)

Condition: excellent (used), CATALOGUE NUMBER 7908 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS - Tool diameter, Wescott chuck 0-20mm - Max hole depth 155mm - Max milling length 250mm - Drill unit adjustment front/back, right/left + angle - Table adjustment up/down - Table swivel angle 0-45˚ - Working table dimensions 600x320mm - Four-point head 16-22-25-32mm - Material clamps 2 pcs - Motor power 2.2kW - Dimensions (L/W/H) 1050x800x1250mm - Weight 200kg ADVANTAGES – German-made – Very good condition – Eccentric clamps, 2 pcs Codpfey Tw Tzsx Afmogw – Not repainted – Used drilling machine Net price: 6,500 PLN Net price: 1,550 EUR based on rate 4.2 EUR (Prices may change with significant fluctuations)

Condition: excellent (used), CATALOGUE NUMBER 8005 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS - Number of spindles: 21 pcs - Distance between the outermost spindles: 640 mm - Distance between spindles: 32 mm - Pneumatic clamps: 2 pcs - Table surface dimensions: 870x560 mm - Height to the table surface: 900 mm - Stroke of the feed cylinder: 65 mm - Vertical/horizontal and angled drilling adjustment - Drilling head adjustment, pneumatic - Main motor: 1.5 kW - Dimensions (L/W/H): 1000x1150x1240 mm - Weight: 370 kg ADVANTAGES – 21 spindles – drill bit mounting with quick-release fittings – Vertical, horizontal, and angled drilling Cgsdoy T Rmhepfx Afmsw – Unpainted – Used drilling machine, very good condition Net price: 7900 PLN Net price: 1880 EUR, depending on the exchange rate of 4.2 EUR (Prices may change due to significant exchange rate fluctuations)

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2026, functionality: fully functional, travel distance X-axis: 600 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 500 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 755 mm, travel distance W-axis: 500 mm, number of slots in tool magazine: 54, TECHNICAL DETAILS Type: CNC EDM drilling machine Travel in X-axis: 600 mm Travel in Y-axis: 500 mm Travel in Z-axis: 755 mm Travel in W-axis: 500 mm W-axis type: Servomotor Electrode length: 800 mm Drilling diameter: from 0.10 mm MACHINE DETAILS Width: 1,975 mm Depth: 1,445 mm Height: 2,280 mm Height: max. 2,785 mm EQUIPMENT Electric changer with 18 stations Electric changer with 36 stations Automatic electrode and guide changer Breakthrough detection CAD import with intuitive touch operation Detection of holes by color code Automatic wear compensation Blind hole machining with depth control Cjdjzhnigjpfx Afmogw 3-stage discharge control Thread erosion for hardened materials M3 - M16 Generator power booster for large diameters Indexing axes, 1- and 2-axis available Large water tank with 175 l and filter system Drilling depth measurement Automatic electrode control

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2004, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: B4R87655, input voltage: 230 V, travel distance X-axis: 450 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 360 mm, overall weight: 720 kg, total length: 2,330 mm, total width: 1,360 mm, total height: 1,700 mm, nominal power (apparent): 1 kVA, rotational speed (max.): 1,000 rpm, rotational speed (min.): 100 rpm, Brother BE-1204B-BC Industrial 4-Head Embroidery Machine Description For sale is a professional Brother BE-1204B-BC industrial multi-head embroidery machine, offered as a complete production workstation. This is a high-quality Brother industrial embroidery system with 4 embroidery heads and 12 needles per head, allowing simultaneous multi-piece embroidery production with up to 48 thread positions in total. The machine is designed for commercial embroidery production where consistent quality, high throughput and reliable operation are required. It is suitable for logos, uniforms, promotional garments, workwear, corporate textiles and contract embroidery production. The unit has been used in a professional garment factory environment and stored indoors. Key features • Brother industrial 4-head embroidery system • 12 needles per head • Total 48 needle / thread positions • Simultaneous embroidery on 4 items • Suitable for multi-colour logo and textile embroidery Cgsdpfx Afjy Ndudomsw • Heavy-duty bridge-type industrial frame • Individual thread tension adjustment • Electronic control panel • Thread cone stand included • Embroidery hoops included as shown • Integrated bobbin winding unit • Designed for continuous professional production use Technical details • Manufacturer: Brother Industries, Ltd. • Model: BE-1204B-BC • Serial number: B4A87655 • Type: Industrial multi-head embroidery machine • Number of heads: 4 • Needles: 12 needles per head • Total needle positions: 48 • Configuration: Bridge-type multi-head embroidery system • Control system: Electronic Brother control unit • Setup: Complete table-mounted workstation with thread rack Condition • Used industrial condition • Tested and fully working • From professional production environment • Stored indoors • Typical signs of use from factory environment • Sold as-is, where-is, without warranty Typical applications • Workwear embroidery • Uniform production • Corporate logos • Promotional textiles • Contract embroidery production • Small and medium embroidery factories • Multi-colour garment decoration Included • Brother BE-1204B-BC embroidery machine • 4 embroidery heads • Thread cone stand • Industrial table / bridge frame • Control panel • Bobbin winding unit • Embroidery hoops as shown Location Valga, Estonia Dismantling & transport Buyer is responsible for dismantling, loading and transport. Professional dismantling and careful transport planning recommended.

Condition: excellent (used), Working travels 450 x 260 x 560 mm Spindle stroke 120 mm cross table 770 x 320 mm Drilling capacity 25 mm Spindle speeds 55 - 9200 Rpm With DRO With Threading attachement Misc accessories Cgsdpfx Afstpgcnjmjw MARCELS MASCHINEN CH

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2018, 1 x CNC-CONTROLLED DRILLING, GLUING AND DOWEL INSERTING MACHINE GANNOMAT "INDEX 130 PRO" (with options as Index 180 Pro) 400V, 3Ph, 50Hz complete in standard design with: - Support with linear guide consisting of: 1 x single-spindle horizontal drilling unit, 1.1 kW motor, tool speed selectable via operator software (3000/5000/8000 rpm) 1 x blow-out, gluing and dowel inserting station in reinforced design for dowels Æ 8 mm, dowel length 30 mm - fully automatic, electronically controlled central lubrication - X-axis NC controlled, with working length 1300 mm, travel speed max. 78 m/min. - Z-axis, position via support table 5-40 mm programmable with NC-controlled Z-axis option - Dowel driving overhang of 7-20 mm, programmable with NC-controlled Y-axis option, drilling depth of 0-35 mm (with drill length GL 70 mm) is automatically set with driving overhang - Closed glue system with 6 bar glue pressure via glue nozzle, for glues with a viscosity of 150 to 350 mPas - Glue quantity continuously adjustable via operator software - GL/WATER selector switch for rinsing the glue system, 1 stainless steel container each for 5 kg glue and 5 l water - Control lamp for residual glue quantity display in the glue container - 1 side stop left, 1 side stop right and 1 center stop (all removable) - 4 start buttons for individual working with 1-4 workpieces - 4 pcs. Pneumatic inclined clamping cylinder 10° for workpiece thicknesses up to max. 80 mm, workpiece length (Y) min. 70 mm - 1 pc. suction funnel, connection Æ 80 mm - 1 pc. TCT control with: built-in industrial PC, incl. Soft PLC type Beckhoff TWINCAT, operating temperature range 0-50°C, TFT industrial display 15" resistive touchscreen, resolution 1024 x 768, CPU 2 GHz, 256 MB RAM, 2x network interface adapters, IDE hard disk, 4x USB rear, 1x USB front, operating system: WINDOWS 7 - programming via menu-driven user software, drilling distances freely programmable with ABSOLUTE, RELATIVE or GRID dimensioning, automatic workpiece mirroring and work step optimization, 4 work fields can be assigned with different programs, graphic workpiece display, parametric programming, 0-point shift, programmable work lists, error diagnosis with plain text OPTIONS: 1 electronic, optical glue monitoring system G.I.C. (Glue Insert Control) for 1 glue nozzle 4 vertical inclined clamping cylinders 10° with holder, additionally, (total 8 clamping cylinders) 1 surcharge for machine bed length 1800 mm with working length 1800 mm 1 surcharge for: 1 horizontal drilling unit, motor 1.5 kW, with multi-spindle drilling head with 3 individually controllable drilling spindles, pitch 32 mm arranged in X-axis, tool speed 3000 rpm. (The standard working length is not reduced) 1 Y-axis NC-controlled, with recirculating ball screw and dynamic traversing speed of 300 mm/sec. The dowel driving overhang 7-30 mm and the drill hole depth 0-42 mm can be programmed via software. (with drill length GL 77 mm) for vertical drilling unit drilling from TOP, Y-axis position 5-42 mm 1 surcharge Y-axis NC-controlled position 5-62 mm instead of 5-42 mm 1 surcharge for: 1 vertical drilling unit drilling from TOP, motor 1.5 kW, with multi-spindle drilling head with 3 individually accessible drilling spindles, 32 mm pitch arranged in X-axis, tool speed 3000 rpm. Y-axis position 5-42 mm, workpiece length (Y) min. 130 mm, (the standard working length is not reduced) 1 Z-axis NC-controlled, with K Cgodjxwaz Hspfx Afmew

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2024, Dowel Hole Drilling Machine GANNOMAT "DB 21400V, 3Ph, 50Hz / 1.5 kW" complete in standard configuration, equipped with: - Fully automatic electronic control with pulse operation via foot pedal for clamp-drill-release sequence, including electrical skip operation. - Automatic return of the drilling unit after reaching the preset drilling depth. - Automatic drilling depth extension for end-face drilling. This saves the need to adjust the drilling depth when switching from flat-face to end-face drilling (+10 mm, e.g., with dowel length 35 mm, flat-face drilling depth 14 mm, end-face drilling depth 24 mm). - 1 drilling beam with 21 spindles, 32 mm pitch, 1.5 kW motor (drilling feed 0-70 mm). Includes 21 quick-change chucks (Ganner system) for easy drill bit changeover. - Easy pivoting of the drilling unit from 0° to 90°, assisted by gas cylinders. - 1 clamping beam movable on Y-axis with 3 pneumatic clamping cylinders, for workpieces up to max. 80 mm height. Ideal fence system consisting of: - 1 stop ruler, 1800 mm, for shelf drilling (aluminum profile 40x40 mm) with 3 drop-in stops. - Quick-change system, easily switchable from right to left stop for mirrored drilling of shelves in carcass construction; also suitable for line boring in system 32. - Side stops and position adjustments, as well as drilling height position, via mechanical digital counters on the support table. - Side stops can be easily folded away for fastest set-up change from carcass to frame or line drilling. - Clamping arms for the clamping beam enable line boring positions up to max. 300 mm. - Optimized three-stage tool system. Includes 1 set of dowel drill bits: - 5 carbide dowel bits, Ø 8x77 mm, right - 4 carbide dowel bits, Ø 8x77 mm, left Basic machine Dowel Hole Drilling Machine GANNOMAT "DB 21400V, 3Ph, 50Hz / 1.5 kW" complete in standard version, equipped with: - Fully automatic electronic control with pulse operation via foot pedal for clamp-drill-release, electrical skip operation. - Automatic return of the drilling unit after reaching the preset drilling depth. - Automatic extension of drilling depth for end drilling saves the need to adjust depth when switching from flat to end drilling (+10 mm, e.g. for dowel length 35 mm, flat-side depth 14 mm and end-side depth 24 mm). - 1 drilling beam with 21 spindles, 32 mm pitch, 1.5 kW motor (drilling feed 0-70 mm). Includes 21 quick-change chucks (Ganner system) for easy drill changeover. - Easy pivoting of the drilling unit from 0° to 90°, gas spring assisted. - 1 clamping beam, Y-axis adjustable, with 3 pneumatic clamps for workpieces up to max. 80 mm high. - Ideal stop system comprising: - 1 stop ruler, 1800 mm, for shelf drilling (aluminum profile 40x40 mm) with 3 drop-in stops, quick-change system, easily switched from right to left for mirrored shelf drilling in carcass constructions, also usable for line boring in system 32. - Side stops and adjustable positions, as well as drill height position, via mechanical digital counters on the support table. - Side stops can be folded away easily for shortest retool time from carcass to frame and line boring operations. Cgsdpfx Aexnlflofmsw - Clamping arms for the clamp beam suitable for line-boring positions up to max. 300 mm. - Three-stage optimized tool system. Extraction funnel, dust tested, Ø 120 mm 1 set for line boring in system.

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1965, bore capacity in steel (diameter) 40 mm Cgsdpfx Aov S Iqcsfmew total power requirement 4 kW

Condition: used, Power: 5 kW (7 HP) Dimensions (LxBxH): 319 x 126 x 352 cm Machine refurbished in 2026 Drill spindle mount: Mk6 Cgjdpfxszhic Io Afmjw Max. drilling capacity: 80 mm Drill head longitudinal travel (X-axis): 1660 mm Arm vertical travel (Y-axis): 470 mm Minimum distance between column and drill spindle (X-axis): 260 mm Max distance between column and drill spindle (X-axis): 2036 mm Max drilling depth: 450 mm RPM: 20 > 1475 rpm Main spindle power: 10 pk Length: 3190 mm Width: 1265 mm Height: 3520 mm Weight: 8.5 metric tons Loading fee: 1000 euros Online auction of machinery and equipment from a steel fabrication company due to relocation, including a VOORTMAN CNC flat and angle steel processing line, MICROSTEP plasma cutting machines, a GEMA powder coating machine with drying oven and exhaust system, WHEELABRATOR blasting machine, MEUSER & CO radial drilling machine, DURMA CNC hydraulic guillotine shear and press brake, LVD press brake, HACO guillotine shear, BEHRINGER semi-automatic miter band saw, PEDDINGHAUS punching and universal punching-shearing machines, RÖSLER shot blasting machine, various DEMAG overhead cranes, VERNET DIJON forging hammer, AMADA CNC punching and nibbling machines, METORA band saw with roller conveyor, etc. The online auction opens Thursday 25 June and closes Tuesday 7 July. Register your account via our website and place your bid. For viewings and inspections check the auction information on the website. Viewing day is on: - Friday 17 July Pickup day is on: - Thursday 9 July Dome Auctions is an innovative auction platform dedicated exclusively to the industrial sector. By focusing on machinery sales from business closures, restructurings, and bankruptcies, we provide a trusted marketplace where buyers and sellers connect with confidence. Unlike general auction houses, Dome Auctions specializes in selling complete industrial assets directly from factories, ensuring quality and reliability. With a commitment to transparency, industry expertise, and tailored service, we streamline the sales process and maximize value for all parties. As online auctions continue to grow in the European industrial market, Dome Auctions offers a professional and efficient solution for companies seeking high-quality machinery at competitive prices.

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1985, bore capacity in steel (diameter) 40 mm throat 300 mm bore stroke 180 mm turning speeds 55-1450 U/min Feed 0,1-0,3 mm/U machine. Nummer 5112 table surface area 620x470 mm spindle taper metric 4 The tech. Data are manufacturer or operator information and therefore non-binding. We reserve the right to prior sale; Our terms and conditions of sale apply exclusively. About us More than 400 of our own machines in stock Over 15,000 m² of storage space, 70 t crane capacity More than 10,000 items and accessories for your workshop If you are interested in selling machines, production lines, or your business, please contact us. You can find further offers on our website. Tours are possible by appointment. We look forward to your visit. Codpjyqvlcefx Afmsgw Your Markus Hirsch Team

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1980, taper MK 3 feed: 4 Stufen Cedozfqmpspfx Afmjgw 2580 x-travel 2500 mm throat 1000 mm 1000/2800 mm weight 3,7 t

Condition: good (used), bore capacity in steel (diameter) 28 mm arm length 700 mm workpiece height max. 1300 mm tool taper MK3 feeds 0,1-0,3 mm/U spindle turning speed range 100-1.220 U/min total power requirement 1,4 kW weight of the machine ca. 1,3 t dimensions of the machine ca. LBH 1,8 x 0,8 x 2,3 m Incl. cube table Incl. drilling feed Mechanical clamping Cgodpfx Aozfqmcjfmew

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 1983, Pitch 32 mm Motor output 1,8 kW Weight 240 kg Cgodpfxszfqk Ie Afmjw Number of boring spindles 21 St.

Condition: excellent (used), Catalogue number 7689 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS - Tool diameter: 16mm - Maximum drilling depth: 160mm - Maximum milling length: 160mm - Adjustment of drilling unit: forward/backward, up/down and sideways - Working table dimensions: 600x320mm - Material clamping system - Motor power: 2.2kW - Dimensions (L/W/H): 950x740x1330mm - Weight: 283kg Cgjdpfx Aezfppisfmjw ADVANTAGES – Made in Poland – Very good condition – Used drilling machine Net price: 6300 PLN Net price: 1500 EUR (depending on the exchange rate of 4.2 EUR) (Prices may change with significant exchange rate fluctuations)