Used Kosme Labeling Machine for sale (64,744)

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2003, Labelling machine Krones Prontomatic Type 12-6/6-4, year of manufacture 1994 - reconditioned. Rodpfsxbpggox Ahgjcf Capacity: 13500 bph Swing-top label Voltage: 400 V Frequency: 50 Hz Length: 2450 mm Width: 2000 mm Height: 2500 mm Formats: Crown cap returnables: 0,33l, 0,5l NRW; crown cap one-way: 0,33l; swing-top: 0,5l, 0,58l Machine partitioning: 180mm Running direction: Right - left Operation / Control: Simatic S7-300

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2003, Labelling machine for wrap-around belly labelling of 0.5 and 1.0 l PET bottles. The paper labels are glued to the bottle with hot glue. Additional title: wrap-around labelling Capacity: 24000 b/h Current: 18 A Rcsdpfxjx T Arpo Ahgjf Voltage: 400 V Frequency: 50 Hz Formats: PET bottles, 0,5 l, 1,0 l, 1,5 l Running direction: left -> right Operation / Control: Simatic S 7-300 Material: stainless steel housing Position: free standing Base construction: rectangular, enclosed machine, on spherical feet Features: housing with viewing window, labelling module for wrap-around paper labels, Robatech hot melt melter Periphery: Leibinger Jet 3, best-before date printer

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2014, GERNEP labeling machine Additional title: cold glue labeling Capacity: 9000 bottles/h Power: 8 kW Current: 16 A Voltage: 400 / 230 V Frequency: 50 Hz Compressed air: 5 bar; consumption 42 m³/h Length: 2100 mm Width: 1600 mm Height: 2100 mm Redpew S Udgefx Ahgecf Weight: 2300 kg Formats: 0.5 l goiter neck bottle, 0.5 l Euro bottle; 0.33 l longneck bottle Running direction: from right to left Operation / Control: Siemens S7-200 Position: free standing Features: 0.5-litre goiter neck hanger bottle: hanger/torso/back, 0.5-litre euro bottle: chest/torso/back, 0.33-litre longneck: neck ring/torso/back

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1996, Labelling machine for neck, body and back labelling of glass bottles. Additional title: neck-, body- and back labeling Capacity: 40000 Fl/h Length: 2600 mm Width: 2800 mm Height: 2700 mm Formats: various label tables 0.5L NRW, 0.33L Vichy, 0.33L Euro Rjdpsw Taugefx Ahgocf Running direction: left -> right Operation / Control: Simatic OP7-Panel, Krones KES 5 Position: free standing

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1996, Labelling machine for neck, body and back labelling of glass bottles. Additional title: neck-, belly- and back labeling Capacity: 30000 Fl/h Voltage: 220/380 V Rcsdsw Taq Ispfx Ahgof Frequency: 50 Hz Formats: 0.5 l NRW, 0.33 l Vichy, Running direction: from left to right Operation / Control: Simatic S5 115 U Material: Table top cover, side paneling and conveyor profile in stainless steel Position: free-standing Base construction: torsion-resistant, hot-dip galvanized base frame construction on dome feet with height-adjustable spindles Features: 3 labeling units with label magazines, sheet tin foil, bottle table and table curve, electric height adjustment of machine head, control cabinets, on-site operating station, dating with laser printer (Linx)

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2019, Used Linear Labeler PackLab Used Linear Labeler, built in 2019. Very little used therefore kept in excellent condition. Non-stop function with two groups of wrapping labels. Flexible self-adhesive linear labeler for wrapping label application, front and back. Suitable for applying partial or wrap-around body labels on cylindrical containers and partial front and back labels on shaped containers Speed of production: Rcsdpfx Ahevgutgjgof Achieves a production of 220 jars per minute, therefore 13200 jars per hour. Labeler Non-Stop PackLab 2019 base with external labeling stations to give the operator more accessibility both during the work phases and during the format change. N. 2 labeling stations for each label to be applied with automatic interchange in the presence of an end of the reel, breaking of backing paper, and lack of a label on the reel. PLC and other: PLC type is Schneider with a 5-inch touch screen. The wrapping belts of the Used Linear Labeler are motorized with speed regulation and with an encoder connected to the machine’s speed. While the upper ribbons are motorized and with stabilizers to keep the container straight. There are inlet and outlet overflow sensors for flow regulation. Adhesive group of the Used Linear Labeler recipe adjustment keyboards with storage of up to 500 formats. This machine is complete with all safety protections according to CE regulations. All the machine user manuals are also available. The original copy of the use and maintenance of the machine is also released.

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2006, Used labeling machine SACMI RMF/RA 1320 15T up to 8000 bph Introduction to the SACMI machinery Rcsdpfjvguayjx Ahgof The used SACMI RMF/RA 1320 15T labeler represents a high-performance solution in the bottling sector. Produced in 2006, this model naturally stands out for its ability to process up to 8,000 bottles per hour (bph). Which definitely offers high operational efficiency. The machine is equipped with 15 label application heads, ensuring certainly precise and quality application. Technical features of Used labeling machine SACMI RMF/RA 1320 15T up to 8000 bph The SACMI RMF/RA 1320 15T model is configured with the S2 E2+S3 E3 ADH+CE+CM type, a configuration that underlines the extreme versatility of the equipment in managing different types of labels. With the integration of three self-adhesive stations and two cold glue stations, the machine offers extensive possibilities for customizing the labeling process. Centering and Control System A peculiar feature of this labeling system is the presence of an electronic cam combined with an optical centering system. This advanced technology allows you indeed, to optimize the positioning of labels on containers, with an eye to the precision and repeatability of the process. Capacity and Compatibility of Containers The SACMI RMF/RA labeling machine was designed to work with glass containers. The volumes vary from 375 mm to 1500 mm, making it extremely suitable for labeling wine bottles, as confirmed by the last product processed. The production capacity and versatility of the machinery allow it to adapt to medium and large-sized bottling lines. Operational Aspects and Maintenance of Used labelling machine SACMI RMF/RA 1320 15T up to 8000 bph The rotation orientation of the SACMI RMF/RA labeling machine is clockwise. This is a design choice that in fact can influence the integration of the labeler into existing production environments. To facilitate use and maintenance, the machine includes manuals in both paper and digital formats. This allows unquestionably easy access to the necessary technical information for technical personnel. Electrical Data and Conclusion From an energy point of view, the SACMI RMF/RA 1320 15T labeler requires an electrical power supply of 400 V at 50 Hz. Its energy consumption is 13 Kw and a current of 22A. This data highlights without a doubt the energy efficiency of the system. Which is an important aspect for industries that aim to optimize operating costs. In conclusion, the SACMI RMF/RA 1320 15T up to 8000 bph labeler presents itself as a valuable technological asset for companies in the bottling sector that require reliability, precision, and high production capacity. With a proven history in processing wine bottles and the flexibility to handle a varied range of bottle formats, this used machine is undeniably a solution with a solid operational background and a robust technical setup.

Year of construction: 2017, condition: excellent (used), functionality: fully functional, DIGI AW-5600FX – Semi-automatic labeling / packaging machine – Year of manufacture 2017 For sale is a DIGI AW-5600FX from 2017 – fully functional and ready for use! The AW-5600FX from DIGI is an innovative semi-automatic packaging and labeling machine, specifically designed for sensitive and non-standardized products. Thanks to its flexible design, it is ideal for supermarkets, butcher shops, delicatessens, or production facilities with varying packaging requirements. ✅ Technical specifications: Model: DIGI AW-5600FX Year of manufacture: 2017 Condition: Used, very well maintained, fully functional Packaging type: Stretch film Labeling: Automatic printing and application of labels Operation: Intuitive touchscreen Performance: Up to 17 packages per minute (depending on the product) Film types: Suitable for a wide variety of film types Product diversity: Also suitable for sensitive or irregularly shaped products ✅ Advantages of the DIGI AW-5600FX: Saves time and personnel through high automation Compact design – also fits into smaller work areas High labeling accuracy thanks to modern DIGI technology Quickly adaptable for changing products Hygienic and easy-to-clean design Condition & Delivery: Redpfx Asy Uwvrshgscf The machine has been regularly maintained and is in very good technical and optical condition. Inspection possible by appointment. Delivery or collection by arrangement – shipping costs on request.

Year of construction: 2005, condition: as good as new (ex-display), Iwasaki TR2 2005 web width 100-330mm maximum printing surface - 310 x 254mm printing repeat 50-260mm maximum mechanical speed 50m/min machine power 3p/26kw machine weight approx 12000kg unwinder 6 Wet UV offset printing units 1 uv flexo unit Rcodpfx Aoy Tlyishgsf 1 rotary die cutting slitting rewinding BST Camera inspection monitoring Computer controlled CABER ink system with SIP3 System for remote technical diagnostic Chiller All inking shafts replaced with brand new

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2016, machine/vehicle number: ET223, Used labeling machine AXTRA 720-H9SA4 up to 8000 bph General configuration and operational performance The used labeling machine AXTRA 720-H9SA4 up to 8000 bph delivers high-performance inline labeling for glass containers and, upon request, handles PET or other packaging materials. This fully overhauled labeling machine ensures reliable and precise operation in industrial environments that demand consistent labeling quality. Specifically, the AXTRA 720-H9-SA4 model reaches speeds of up to 8000 containers per hour, depending on sample confirmation by the customer. Operating direction and functional layout The machine operates in a clockwise direction, with containers entering from the left and exiting to the right when facing the conveyor. Therefore, this configuration supports integration into most standard bottling lines used in modern production facilities. Moreover, operators can easily align the layout with existing upstream and downstream equipment. Labeling system and reel handling The used labeling machine AXTRA 720-H9SA4 up to 8000 bph includes three non-stop labeling stations designed for 400 mm reels and one standard station for 300 mm reels. In addition, each station features sensors that accurately detect opaque labels, ensuring precise placement even with low-transparency materials. As a result, the system delivers consistent labeling quality across multiple formats. The machine can work within the following measurements, with a diameter of 45÷115mm and the heigth of 180÷330mm. Precision mechanics and integrated adjustments Rcsdpfsw Az Disx Ahgsf The machine uses electromechanical plates to guarantee high precision during operation. Furthermore, it features an electric vertical adjustment system for the upper carousel, allowing operators to perform fast format changes with minimal downtime. In fact, this automation improves productivity and reduces manual intervention. The system also includes a pre-installed optical centering system, which ensures accurate alignment on containers with printed reference marks. Consequently, the machine maintains high visual consistency during label application. Additionally, the machine supports continuous production with 9 active plates, which maintain consistent output and reduce interruptions. Compatible materials and reconfiguration options The machine currently labels glass containers, but our team can modify it to handle PET or other materials upon request. Similarly, we can adapt the system to different container shapes and label types. The existing setup applies front, back, and neck labels, while the fourth station supports additional applications, such as tamper-evident seals or promotional labeling. Therefore, users can reconfigure the machine to meet varied market or client-specific needs. Combination of new and used componen...

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2007, operating hours: 10,000 h, machine/vehicle number: ET212, Used Labeling Machine PE LABELERS Universal Master up to 7500 bph The Machine delivers advanced technology for labeling glass bottles, meeting production demands of up to 7500 bottles per hour. Furthermore, P.E. Labellers manufactured this machine in 2007, ensuring precise operations with its robust design and integrated features. Rodpfjvgu Udex Ahgscf Technical specifications and performance of the Used PE Labellers Labeling Machine The labeller includes eight rotating plates and five labeling stations. Specifically, three stations apply adhesive labels, while two use cold glue. The machine rotates clockwise, which streamlines bottle flow management. Additionally, its manual adjustment system for both the head and labels enables quick adaptations to different formats, thereby enhancing flexibility. Production capacity and configuration The labeller handles glass bottles with a maximum diameter of 120 cm and a standard 0.75-liter format. Consequently, it operates at a top speed of 7500 bottles per hour, making it ideal for medium-scale production lines. Moreover, the system applies labels to the front, back, and neck of each bottle, ensuring a high-quality, professional finish. Labeling method and management in the Used PE Labellers Labeling Machine This machine applies labels using adhesive and cold glue methods. Therefore, this dual approach ensures compatibility with a wide range of label designs and materials. Meanwhile, operators manually adjust the system to maintain precise control during each production batch. Current state and operational specifications The machine remains in storage; however, it is ready for immediate deployment. It has recorded 10,000 working hours, yet it still offers substantial operational capacity. Furthermore, its robust build, weighing 2250 kg, ensures stability and durability even under high-speed conditions. Electrical data and power requirements The labeller PE LABELERS Universal Master up to 7500 bph runs on 400 V, with an installed power of 5 kW and a frequency of 50 Hz. As a result, its electrical configuration meets industrial standards, ensuring efficient energy usage for extended operations. Additionally, its energy efficiency supports long-term cost savings. Applications and technical advantages The Used Labeling Machine PE LABELERS Universal Master up to 7500 bph ensures efficient and accurate label placement. Similarly, its versatile labeling stations handle bottles of various shapes and sizes without compromising output quality. Consequently, this versatility makes it a reliable option for many bottling operations. Technicians and industry experts rely on this machine for its performance and customizable configurations. Above all, it represents an excellent choice for demanding bottling applications.

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1990, functionality: fully functional, total width: 1,000 mm, total length: 2,300 mm, total height: 1,750 mm, type of input current: three-phase, label length: 500 mm, input voltage: 400 V, Horizontal roll trough labeler for cans Rcjdpor Izigjfx Ahgjf hot melt pick up with cold end glue-ing up to 153mm diameter label length from 240 to 500mm Capacity up to 8.000can/hr depending on label size dimensions 2300x1000x1750 LxWxH Frame: Steel Electric : 380 Volt - 50 Hz - 1,75 kW Press air : 6 bar Features: on / off switch with thermal overload protection Adjustable label storage roll on unit

Year of construction: 1996, condition: good (used), Label printing machine, model Labelmen PW180DLU, year of manufacture 1996, 4 colors, die-cutting unit, embossing unit, various mounting plates, laminator, UV dryer, unwind unit, slitter-rewinder, in good condition, available immediately. If you are interested, we will also be happy to provide you with information about other machines in our inventory. Rcjdpfx Aoiphiyjhgsf You are cordially invited to inspect the machine at our facility, by prior appointment.

Condition: refurbished (used), Year of construction: 2000, operating hours: 1,000 h, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 5408, type of input current: AC, input voltage: 230 V, compressed air connection: 8 bar, input frequency: 50 Hz, Self-adhesive labeling machine with shrink capsule applicator 2 label rolls for front and back label Rcjdpfx Ahjq Huzlogof collecting table

Condition: good (used), Automatic labeling machine Redpohz Dausfx Ahgecf

Condition: reconditioned (used), Year of construction: 2000, operating hours: 1,000 h, functionality: fully functional, type of input current: AC, input voltage: 400 V, Glue labeling machine for 1 label Rcodpfx Aheq Hu A Hjgsf incl. glue pump Set up as a solo machine New press-on rubbers installed currently for bottles with a diameter of approx. 85-90mm

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 1995, operating hours: 1,000 h, functionality: fully functional, Glue labeling machine for one label Various magazines available for different labels hourly output approx. 2000 bottles Rsdpfxjq H Axio Ahgscf Bottle stars for approx. 90mm diameter installed

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2007, operating hours: 14,700 h, machine/vehicle number: ET194, Labeling machine for sale with optical centering 6000 bphTechnical Specifications & Performance DataThis P.E. Labellers rotary adhesive labeler with optical centering is engineered for precision bottle decoration within a used bottling line or new installations. Built for consistent, high-quality labeling across beverage production environments, it balances speed with accuracy and repeatability.Manufacturer / Model: P.E. Labellers – 8T 4S 4E adhesive SL GlueYear of manufacture: 2007Production speed: up to 6,500 bottles per hour (bph)Stations / Plates: 4 adhesive stations; 8 motorized plates with dedicated photocellsOptical centering: Advanced system for precise label alignment on decorated, embossed, or irregular bottlesLabeling applications: Body, back, neck and optional L-/U-seal for caps (via dedicated adhesive unit on trolley)Container types: PET and glass bottles; adaptable for other rigid containers (e.g., aluminum) with appropriate format partsProducts: Suitable for water, juice, beer, wine, spirits, soft drinks, and moreDimensions (WxLxH): 2000 x 2900 x 2500 mmWeight: 2100 kgElectrical requirements: 380 V, 50 Hz, 5 kWConfiguration codes (OEM): No. of plates: 8; Rotation direction: 1; Plate movement: 2; Number of stations: 4; Labeling method: 0,4; Label placement: 0,1,2,4; Optical centering system: 2; Head adjustment: 1Advanced Automation & Control SystemsAutomation is designed for reliable, repeatable labeling within industrial packaging lines. A touchscreen HMI and integrated PLC control all machine functions, offering recipe-based changeovers and real-time diagnostics. Servo-driven or motorized plates work in concert with photocells for synchronous optical centering, supporting premium presentation at full speed.Touchscreen HMI with programmable recipes (memory for multiple label formats)Integrated PLC and modern electronics; inverter-driven speed modulationElectric lift for quick height adjustment of the carousel and heads4-axis head adjustment on trolley for precise head positioningPhotocell-controlled label application synchronized with optical centeringManuals available for operation, maintenance, and programmingProduction Line Integration CapabilitiesEngineered to integrate seamlessly upstream and downstream with rinsing, filling, and capping machines, as well as inspection systems, coders/inkjets, and secondary packaging (shrink, wrap-around, or case packing). This second hand labeler is ideal for upgrading or completing a used bottling line without compromising performance.Compatible with standard conveyors, accumulation tables, and line controlsFast format changes supported by stored recipes and mechanical referencesMulti-format flexibility for different bottle heights and diameters with the right format setsInterfaces available for line start/stop and speed cascade with fillin... Rcedpfx Ahovlnvrogjf

Year of construction: 2017, condition: new, PAGOmat 6M labelling machine for labelling newspapers with CoverSticker Rjdpfxjd Scx Is Ahgjcf

Year of construction: 2014, condition: like new (used), Accraply 5203 HS (High Speed) incl. Cutter (price new approx. 55.000 Euro) Rcodpod Scxvsfx Ahgof Exhibition machine, like new...

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2008, operating hours: 8,000 h, machine/vehicle number: ET229, SACMI OPP Roll-fed Labeling Machine – Overview This used SACMI OPP roll-fed labeling machine is configured for high-efficiency wrap-around label application on PET bottles. Built in 2008 and designed for modern beverage production, it integrates seamlessly into a used bottling line or can operate as a standalone station within industrial packaging environments. With a nominal capacity of 12,000 bottles per hour, it is well suited for medium-speed operations in water, juice, and other beverage segments that use OPP film labels. SACMI engineering is known for durability, precision, and reliability, making this second hand labeling solution a strong fit for producers seeking dependable bottling equipment. The machine supports multiple PET bottle formats, including 1.5L, 0.6L, and 0.33L sizes, providing flexibility for varied SKUs and seasonal product runs. OPP film labels, applied as roll-fed wrap-around, help reduce labeling costs and improve presentation quality with clean seams and consistent label placement. This configuration is a practical choice for beverage production facilities looking to upgrade or expand capacity while maintaining a compact footprint and streamlined integration into existing conveyors and handling systems. Technical Specifications & Performance Data Manufacturer: SACMI Year: 2008 Label type: OPP foil (roll-fed) Production speed: 12,000 bph (nominal) Bottle formats: 1.5L, 0.6L, 0.33L Container material: PET Advanced Automation & Control Systems The OPP roll-fed concept leverages hot-melt application at the leading and trailing edges of the label for secure wrap-around results. The design supports stable bottle handling, precise label feed, and consistent cutting for high-quality presentation. Controls are straightforward for operators, with clear access to key adjustments and process parameters to support quick setup and format changes. Production Line Integration Capabilities This labeling machine integrates easily into complete bottling lines and industrial packaging systems. It can operate inline with upstream filling and downstream inspection, packing, or shrink wrapping equipment. Format changeovers accommodate common PET bottle sizes such as 0.33L, 0.6L, and 1.5L, allowing multi-product flexibility across beverage portfolios within a single production line. Rsdpfoxvpd Uox Ahgjcf Machine Condition & Maintenance History The unit has approximately 10,000 working hours. It is currently disconnected from the line but can be powered to demonstrate bottle transport. The machine can start and run, with label gluing disabled for demonstration purposes. Technical documentation is available, supporting commissioning, operation, and maintenance. Overall, the machine presents as a well-kept second hand asset suitable for facilities seeking reliable labeling performance at medium speeds. Operational Performance & Versatility Optimized for PET bottle labeling with OPP film, the machine delivers consistent wrap-around application across multiple formats. It is suitable for beverage production scenarios where high presentation quality and material efficiency are important. The roll-fed approach offers a cost-effective alternative to pre-cut labels while maintaining r...

Condition: good (used), Item: D-1717-Fischer Labeler Fischer Labeling Double machine Mount at stainless steel frame. Adjustable position of labels. Transport conveying belt 1600 x 200 mm. Rjdpfxsidmvrs Ahgscf Labeling at top and from side of product! Label width max. 100 mm? Sensor read Stationed in Denmark!

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2014, • Substrate width : max 430mm • 8 Flexo Printing Unit • (Fully servo driven: double servo motors on print cylinder and impression roller) • 8 UV dryer • Temperature Control • Driven Chilled Drums • Chilling unit • Front load unwinder with motorized roll lifting • Unwinder with magnetic particle clutch (max. reel diameter 1.000 mm.) Rcsdpov Tzhqofx Ahgjf • Automatic Web Guide • Video inspection with manual camera movement • Servo Infeed group • 2 Die-cutting stations (male-female die-cutting possible) - servo • 1 Gap Master • Waste matrix rewinder diameter : Snowball 605mm • Servo Outfeed • Organizer (includes crane to remove and store die-cutting tools) • 3 Web break detectors • 3 antistatic bars • Motorized rewinder (max. reel diameter 1.000 mm.) • Local touch screen panel on each printing and die-cutting station • Main touch screen panel (PC MHI) • Direct Internet Connection for remote SW and HW service and upgrades • Automatic pre-register, register and tension control • Vario™ - Servo driven infeed and outfeed (includes 2 active load cells) • GIDUE mark-to-cylinder ARC register control • Servo driven die-cutting units (1 servo motor per unit) • Second pass register control • Print Tutor™ An "intelligent" camera automatically detects print register and pressure marks and performs completely automatic register adjustment, during the set-up and during production. It includes additional servo motor for lateral register adjustment (lenght register adjustment is built in servo driving motor of the print cylinder. • Delame/Relam 2K • Turn bar • Lamination and cold foil • Corona treater • Web Cleaner •

Condition: good (used), Logopak 920 IIP labeller Serial: 2040294 Rcodpju U I A Esfx Ahgof 2004, Print and apply labelling system, high speed pallet labelling, with label and ribbon rolls of up to 1200m, up to 240 pallets per hour, touch screen controls, with manual, 3Ph

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2005, operating hours: 35,000 h, Used Bottle Labeling Machine SACMI OPERA RA 720 8T S3 up to 6,000 bph The used SACMI OPERA RA 720 8T S3 bottle labeling machine can reach speeds of up to 6,000 bottles per hour. It is an efficient and reliable solution for those who need to label large volumes of bottles quickly and accurately. The SACMI OPERA RA 720 8T S3 machine, built in 2005, is in excellent condition and has recently passed an independent inspection certifying its proper functionality. This means it is in reliable condition and ready for use, guaranteeing optimal performance. The used SACMI OPERA RA 720 8T S3 bottle labeler is equipped with three labeling stations: front, back, and medallion. It also features mechanical adjustment of the adhesive stations, allowing for easy adjustments for precise and customized labeling. Rcsdpfx Asw Iy Dqjhgjf How versatile is this used labeling machine? This used SACMI OPERA RA 720 8T S3 is highly versatile: it can work with different bottle sizes and, thanks to the electronically controlled cams, can be programmed to perform as many rotations as necessary. This allows for the application of labels of various sizes on the bottle walls, making it suitable for a variety of production needs. Furthermore, its energy consumption is approximately 6 kW, and the inlet is on the left, making it an hourly machine. The used SACMI OPERA RA 720 8T S3 bottle labeler, up to 6,000 bottles per hour, can also be configured for an optical centering system to be connected to the current electronic cam. This would allow bottles to be oriented and centered according to precise labeling patterns aligned with various bottle wrapping patterns. Many other equipment options can be created to apply new labels to new bottle formats chosen by the prospective buyer.