Used Elcoma Es-950Sf for sale (7,205)

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 1995, operating hours: 123 h, functionality: fully functional, Holtec ES 120 Log Infeed and Cut-to-Length System This system is a powerful complete solution for the infeed, inspection, and cut-to-length processing of logs. It is ideally suited for sawmills, wood processing plants, and biomass facilities, ensuring a continuous and efficient material flow. Bdodpfxszh Tykj Adred Holtec ES 120 Cut-Off Saw (Year of Construction 1995) The Holtec ES 120 is a proven industrial cut-off saw for the precise cut-to-length processing of logs. It processes logs with a maximum cutting cross-section of 1,200 × 600 mm. The powerful chainsaw drive with a motor output of approximately 11–15 kW ensures fast and clean cuts, even with larger log diameters. The machine is designed for continuous operation and is characterized by its robust construction and high operational safety. Cassel Metal Shark Octa Metal Detector The integrated Cassel Metal Shark Octa reliably detects metallic foreign objects in the wood before they enter subsequent processing machines. Thanks to the octagonal detector opening and modern DSP technology, even small metal parts are reliably detected. This protects machines from damage, reduces maintenance costs, and prevents production downtime. Advantages of the System • Robust industrial design for continuous operation • Precise cut-off cuts up to 1,200 mm log diameter • Integrated metal detection to protect subsequent machines • High operational safety and low maintenance requirements • Ideal for sawmills, the wood industry, and biomass plants.

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2007, functionality: fully functional, clamping force: 8,000 kN, screw diameter: 135 mm, displacement volume: 8,870 cm³, injection pressure: 1,640 bar, Stock No.: 503583 Manufacturer: ENGEL Bedpfxezgt Rte Adrodd Type: ES 16050-800 DUO Controller: CC 200 Year of manufacture: 2007 Operating hours: 91708 h Technical Data, Clamping Unit Clamping force: 8000 kN Tie bar distance h x v: 1170 x 1000 mm Platen size h x v: 1550 x 1520 mm Minimum mounting height: 500 mm Maximum mounting height: 1100 mm Maximum platen distance: 2100 mm Opening stroke: 1600 mm Ejector stroke: 300 mm Ejector force: 180 kN Centering of moving platen D: 200 mm Centering of fixed platen D: 200 mm Tool weight: 21600 kg Technical Data, Injection Unit Screw diameter: 135 mm Injection volume: 8870 ccm Injection pressure: 1640 bar Screw length: 22 l/d Screw stroke: 620 mm Screw speed: 100 rpm Screw torque: 14000 N Free injection flow rate: 1245 g/s PS Number of heating zones: 7 Nozzle stroke: 950 mm Dimensions & Weight Machine dimensions L x W x H: 11.81 m x 3.2 m x 2.9 m Total weight: 56000 KG Equipment Screen text German Screen text English CEE socket 16A CEE socket 16A CEE socket 16A Compact Flash drive Hydraulic core pull 1x Machine including handling system Machine including safety enclosure Machine with water manifold Interface EUROMAP 12 Interface for handling system USB interface Tool heating 16x Technical Data, Handling System Machine type: Linear Manufacturer: ENGEL Controller: ERC 64/1-F Year of manufacture: 2007 Handling system weight: 25 kg X-axis: 1300 mm Y-axis: 2200 mm Z-axis: 4760 mm

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2004, operating hours: 69,000 h, functionality: fully functional, clamping force: 3,500 kN, screw diameter: 70 mm, displacement volume: 1,039 cm³, injection pressure: 1,441 bar, total length: 7,980 mm, total width: 2,200 mm, total height: 2,570 mm, overall weight: 30,750 kg, Clamping force: 3500 kN Platen size (h x v): 1050 x 980 mm Minimum mould height: 350 mm Maximum platen distance: 1300 mm Opening stroke: 950 mm Screw diameter: 70 mm Shot volume: 1039 ccm Injection pressure: 1441 bar Equipment Screen text in German Hydraulic core pull 2x Machine including conveyor belt Machine including handling unit Machine including safety enclosure Bodpfxezgt Irj Adrjdd Machine without material hopper Leveling elements Handling Data Manufacturer: ENGEL Control: ER-HLI 81 Year of manufacture: 2004 Machine dimensions (LxWxH): 7.98m x 2.22m x 2.57m Total weight: 30750KG

Condition: excellent (used), mileage: 399,736 km, power: 184 kW (250.17 HP), first registration: 08/2008, fuel type: diesel, axle configuration: 4x2, fuel: diesel, color: white, driver cabin: day cab, gearing type: mechanical, emission class: euro4, Year of construction: 2008, Equipment: ABS, central locking, crane, electric window regulation, = Additional options and accessories = - Air-suspended seats - Beacon(s) - Radio/CD player - Tipping hydraulics = Remarks = Crane Number of hydraulic extensions: 3 Number of support legs: 2 Remote control: × = More information = General information Number of doors: 2 Cab: single Registration number: HB730JH Axle configuration Front axle: Steering Rear axle: Double wheels Weights Empty weight: 10.475 kg Carrying capacity: 8.525 kg GVW: 19.000 kg Functional Crane: HIAB 088 ES -3 HIDUO, behind the cab Tipper: Back Condition Technical condition: very good Visual appearance: very good = Dealer information = Bedpfezhxhgex Adrjdd Do you have any questions or suggestions? Please feel free to contact us. We guarantee a response within 8 hours. Prices do not include VAT. No rights may be derived from the information provided. Office phone number: Mobile: Dutch - English - German - French - Spanish - Italian) Available via WhatsApp and Viber. Mobile: Available via WhatsApp and Viber. When paying by bank transfer, the funds must be transferred to our bank account listed below. Always verify the payment details on our website. Please contact us if you have received different information. If in doubt, please call us so we can verify the invoice and/or payment. Bank details: Bank name: ING Bank address: Bijlmerdreef 106 1102 CT Amsterdam IBAN number: NL97INGB0117176699 EORI/VAT/TAX: NL810574901B(01) BIC/SWIFT: INGBNL2A

Condition: excellent (used), mileage: 399,736 km, power: 184 kW (250.17 HP), first registration: 08/2008, fuel type: diesel, axle configuration: 4x2, fuel: diesel, color: white, driver cabin: day cab, gearing type: mechanical, emission class: euro4, Year of construction: 2008, Equipment: ABS, central locking, crane, electric window regulation, = Additional options and accessories = - Air-suspended seats - Beacon(s) - Radio/CD player - Tipping hydraulics = Remarks = Crane Number of hydraulic extensions: 3 Number of support legs: 2 Remote control: × = More information = General information Number of doors: 2 Cab: single Registration number: HB730JH Axle configuration Front axle: Steering Rear axle: Double wheels Weights Empty weight: 10.475 kg Carrying capacity: 8.525 kg GVW: 19.000 kg Functional Crane: HIAB 088 ES -3 HIDUO, behind the cab Tipper: Back Condition Technical condition: very good Visual appearance: very good = Dealer information = Do you have any questions or suggestions? Please feel free to contact us. We guarantee a response within 8 hours. Prices do not include VAT. No rights may be derived from the information provided. Office phone number: Mobile: Dutch - English - German - French - Spanish - Italian) Available via WhatsApp and Viber. Bjdpfx Aszhxffsdrjdd Mobile: Available via WhatsApp and Viber. When paying by bank transfer, the funds must be transferred to our bank account listed below. Always verify the payment details on our website. Please contact us if you have received different information. If in doubt, please call us so we can verify the invoice and/or payment. Bank details: Bank name: ING Bank address: Bijlmerdreef 106 1102 CT Amsterdam IBAN number: NL97INGB0117176699 EORI/VAT/TAX: NL810574901B(01) BIC/SWIFT: INGBNL2A

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2023, Used machine Year of manufacture: 2023 Condition: as new, machine is unused Equipment and technical specifications: - Spindle speeds: 3,500 / 6,000 / 8,000 / 10,000 rpm - Milling spindle tilt: 0 to -45° - Usable spindle length: 125 mm - Spindle arbor diameter: 30 mm - Speed display: LED indicator on the machine front - Max. tool diameter (standard): 240 mm - Max. lowerable tool diameter: 230 mm - Max. tool diameter for profile milling: 240 mm - Max. tool diameter for tenoning: 320 mm - Working table length: 1,200 mm - Working table width: 530 mm - Table height: 900 mm - Sliding table length: 1,200 mm - Sliding table width: 360 mm - Sliding table height: 142 mm - Extraction port diameter: 2 × 120 mm - Main drive motor power: 5.0 kW - Connection voltage: 400 V - Mains frequency: 50 Hz Dimensions: 1,200 × 2,000 mm Weight: 510 kg Availability: short-term Bedpfxsw E Tzro Adrodd Location: Saxony-Anhalt

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2024, New machine Year of manufacture: 2024 Equipment and technical specifications: Maximum professional configuration, optionally with Tersa or spiral cutter block Equipped with TERSA cutter block for tool-free, second-fast planer knife changes TERSA planer knife system allows for exceptionally quiet operation Helically serrated steel infeed roller for consistent and uniform material feed Material feed with two speeds, powered by a separate motor Extra-long surfacing tables for easy and precise dressing of workpieces Work tables made from annealed and stress-relieved cast iron, robust and permanently flat Simultaneously rearward-opening surfacing tables for minimal setup times Thickness table adjustment via handwheel with numerical height display High machine weight ensures maximum precision and vibration-free operation Powerful industrial motor Robust steel/cast iron construction Bdodpfx Adsw Rhkqered Chip removal starting from 0.2 mm (at minimum workpiece thickness of 3 mm) due to helically serrated feed roller (ideal for economical planing of precious hardwood) Quality – Made in Europe Equipment details: Tersa cutter block No adjustments or screwing required Blade changes in seconds Self-locking Exceptionally quiet operation Material feed: Helically serrated steel infeed rollers for consistent wood feed without markings Multiple teeth engage simultaneously for powerful feed Wear-free compared to rubber infeed rollers Permanently mounted extraction hood: With the fixed extraction hood, there is no need to change the extraction hose during retooling This saves valuable working time Simultaneous opening of surfacing tables: Both surfacing tables can be tilted up together, spring-assisted, for fast and convenient conversion to thicknessing mode in seconds Thickness table adjustment: FS 41 elite s with thickness table adjustment by handwheel and integrated indicator The thickness table is guided on four large-dimensioned spindles providing maximum stability in all operating conditions. A special lifting device keeps the table position perfectly stable even without locking. Anti-kickback devices: Massive anti-kickback devices prevent kickback of workpieces The 4-knife cutter block ensures optimal planing results Anodized aluminium surfacing fence: Large size (1200 x 150 mm) Easily adjustable Tiltable from 90° to 45° with scale Supplied with auxiliary fence for safe planing of narrow workpieces Digital version: With electric thickness table height adjustment and digital display Scope of delivery: Jointing/edge fence with round bar guide 2 feed speeds Tersa cutter block Technical Data Overall surfacing table length: 2200 mm Surfacing infeed table length: Surfacing table height: Surfacing working width: 410 mm Surfacing maximum cutting depth: 5 mm Surfacing fence dimensions: 1200 x 150 mm Surfacing fence tilt range: Thickness table dimensions: 775 x 410 mm Min. thicknessing height: 3 mm Max. thicknessing height: 240 mm Min. thicknessing workpiece length: Thicknessing feed speeds: 6 / 12 m/min Cutter block speed: 5000 rpm Cutter block diameter: 95 mm Number of planer knives: 4 pcs. Electric...

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 1999, Engel ES 650/150 HL Bedpjxy Ak Nefx Adrodd Clamping force: 150 tons Year of manufacture: 1999 Screw diameter: 45 mm

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 1999, Engel ES 4450/600HL Clamping force 600 t Year of manufacture 1999 Screw diameter 90 mm PVC cylinder with additional screw For PP, PE, etc. Injection volume 2480 cm³ Bdsdjxxcyuepfx Adrod Clamping plate size (horiz./vert.): 1480x1300 mm Minimum mold installation height 500 mm

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2002, Engel ES 750/300 HL Year of manufacture: 2002 Screw diameter: 55 mm Bodexvm Scepfx Adredd Clamping force: 300 tons

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 1999, Angel ES 650/175 HL-V Bdsdpfx Adspdrzhjrjd Closing 175 tons Year 1999 Scrow 45mm Stroke volume 318 cm3 Enlarged clamping plate 820x750 Mould height min 250 mm

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 1999, Engel ES 1050/175 HL-V, clamping force 175 tons, year 1999, screw diameter 55 mm, injection volume 510 cm³, shot weight 459 g, enlarged clamping platen 820x750, CC100 control system. Bsdpfx Adoxu Rkyjrsdd

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 1999, Engel ES 1350/250 HLST Clamping force 250 tons Screw diameter 70 mm Injection volume 1000 cm3 Bdsdpfjwyw Ixox Adrjd 901 g Year of manufacture 1999 Enlarged clamping platen 1050x900

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 1998, Engel ES 330/80 HL .ST Bedpfx Asvcrqnedredd Closing 80 tons Year 1998 Scrow 35 mm Spray softened 140 g

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2000, Engel ES 500/125 HL Clamping Force 125 tons Year of manufacture: 2000 Bdjdpjh R T Slsfx Adred Screw diameter: 45 mm Injection volume: 318 cm³

Condition: used, Colour: Grey The Bauerrichter ESR-1 is a polisher designed for creating high-gloss surfaces on various materials. Below is a summary of its technical specifications: Technical Specifications: CharacteristicSpecificationElectric connection380 V, 20 kDimensions (L x W x H)5,600 mm x 2,400 mm x 2,100 mmWeightAbout 3,000 kgWork table dimensions1,350 mm x 3,200 mmMaximum workpiece height< 100 mmDiameter polishing rollerØ 400 mmFeed rateFrequency controlled Characteristics: Polishing unit:Moves over a fixed work table and is equipped with an inclined, oscillating polishing roller. The height and oscillation speed are infinitely adjustable. Polishing roller: Equipped with special 400 mm diameter polishing rings that ensure longer life and lower operating costs. Quick-change system: Allows easy and quick replacement of polishing rings, reducing set-up time. Workpiece attachment: Standard equipped with a quick clamping system; optional vacuum clamping system is available for faster and more comfortable operation. Construction: Robust welded precision work table with phenolic resin bonded film plates, resistant to heat, moisture and chemicals. Drive: High quality SEW electric motors with energy efficiency class EFF1 (IE2), known for their robustness and durability. This machine offers an efficient solution for polishing various materials and is designed with durability and ease of use in mind. - Documentation available: No - CE certificate present: No - Serial number: 150610 - Number of units [pcs]: 7 - └ Unit 1: - - Brush length [mm]: 1500 - - Brush diameter [mm]: 180 - Infeed table length [mm]: 5150 - Outfeed table length [mm]: 5150 Financial information VAT: The price shown is exclusive of VAT VAT/margin: VAT deductible for entrepreneurs Delivery and trade-in always possible for everything in the industrial sectors Bsdpfx Adjwnhxdersdd Yorick Diebels

Condition: excellent (used), functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 2022, machine/vehicle number: 2453778, power: 15 kW (20.39 HP), load capacity: 680 kg, lifting height: 13,000 mm, platform length: 3,980 mm, platform width: 1,830 mm, overall weight: 8,340 kg, transport length: 4,880 mm, transport width: 2,330 mm, transport height: 2,260 mm, construction height: 3,020 mm, fuel type: electric, tire size: 315/55/D 20, color: red, Equipment: all wheel drive, Technical Data Bdjdpoyxc Saofx Adrod Year of manufacture: 2022 Engine: Electric Working height: 15.00 m Platform height: 13.00 m Platform extension: 1.43 m Platform dimensions (L x W): 3.98 m x 1.83 m Overall dimensions (L x W x H): 4.88 m x 2.33 m x 3.02 m Max. load capacity: 680 kg Load capacity when extended: 227 kg Max. persons: 7 Drive system: 32 VAC / 9.0 kW Lifting mechanism: 32 VAC / 15.9 kW Travel speed: 1.0 - 6.0 km/h Gradeability: 40% Weight: 8,340 kg General signs of use, fully functional

Condition: excellent (used), functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 2022, machine/vehicle number: 2453768, power: 15 kW (20.39 HP), load capacity: 680 kg, lifting height: 13,000 mm, platform length: 3,980 mm, platform width: 1,830 mm, overall weight: 8,340 kg, transport length: 4,880 mm, transport width: 2,330 mm, transport height: 2,260 mm, construction height: 3,020 mm, fuel type: electric, tire size: 315/55/D 20, color: red, Equipment: all wheel drive, Technical Data Year of manufacture: 2022 Engine: Electric Working height: 15.00 m Platform height: 13.00 m Platform extension: 1.43 m Bodeyqzx Uepfx Adrodd Platform dimensions (L x W): 3.98 m x 1.83 m Overall dimensions (L x W x H): 4.88 m x 2.33 m x 3.02 m Max. load capacity: 680 kg Load capacity when extended: 227 kg Max. persons: 7 Drive system: 32 VAC / 9.0 kW Lifting mechanism: 32 VAC / 15.9 kW Travel speed: 1.0 - 6.0 km/h Gradeability: 40% Weight: 8,340 kg General signs of use, fully functional

Condition: used, functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 2022, machine/vehicle number: 2453518, power: 4.5 kW (6.12 HP), load capacity: 320 kg, lifting height: 11,800 mm, platform length: 2,270 mm, platform width: 1,120 mm, overall weight: 2,880 kg, transport length: 2,480 mm, transport width: 2,620 mm, transport height: 2,090 mm, construction height: 2,620 mm, fuel type: electric, tire size: 381 x 127, color: red, Technical data Year of manufacture: 2022 Engine: Electric Working height: 13.80 m Platform height: 11.80 m Platform extension: 0.90 m Platform dimensions (L x W): 2.27 m x 1.12 m Overall dimensions (L x W x H): 2.48 m x 1.18 m x 2.62 m Max. load capacity: 320 kg Load capacity extended: 113 kg Max. persons: 2 Drive unit: 24 V / 1.5 kW Bdsdpfx Asyxcmwedred Lift unit: 24 V / 4.5 kW Travel speed: 0.8 - 4.0 km/h Climbing ability: 25% Weight: 2,880 kg General signs of use, fully functional

Condition: used, functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 2022, machine/vehicle number: 2453498, power: 4.5 kW (6.12 HP), load capacity: 320 kg, lifting height: 11,800 mm, platform length: 2,270 mm, platform width: 1,120 mm, overall weight: 2,880 kg, transport length: 2,480 mm, transport width: 2,620 mm, transport height: 2,090 mm, construction height: 2,620 mm, fuel type: electric, tire size: 381 x 127, color: red, Technical data Bjdpfx Adsyqzx Iorodd Year of manufacture: 2022 Engine: Electric Working height: 13.80 m Platform height: 11.80 m Platform extension: 0.90 m Platform dimensions (L x W): 2.27 m x 1.12 m Overall dimensions (L x W x H): 2.48 m x 1.18 m x 2.62 m Max. load capacity: 320 kg Load capacity extended: 113 kg Max. persons: 2 Drive unit: 24 V / 1.5 kW Lift unit: 24 V / 4.5 kW Travel speed: 0.8 - 4.0 km/h Climbing ability: 25% Weight: 2,880 kg General signs of use, fully functional

Condition: used, functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 2022, machine/vehicle number: 2453458, load capacity: 750 kg, empty load weight: 22,200 kg, transport length: 6,410 mm, transport width: 1,390 mm, transport height: 3,170 mm, fuel type: electric, color: red, Equipment: UVV, all wheel drive, Technical Data Year of manufacture: 2022 Engine: Electric Working height: 32.00 m Platform height: 30.00 m Platform extension: 1.90 m Platform dimensions (L x W): 5.85 x 1.20 m Overall dimensions (L x W x H): 6.41 m x 1.39 m x 4.16 m Load capacity: 750 kg Load capacity (extended): 750 kg Max. persons: 2/2 Bjdpfx Adjyqyz Usredd Driving speed: 0.1 - 1.4 km/h Drive system: 4 x 53 VAC / 2.0 kW Lifting drive: 53 VAC / 28.0 kW Gradeability: 30% Weight: 22,200 kg General signs of use, fully functional, UVV

Condition: used, functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 2021, machine/vehicle number: 2453448, load capacity: 750 kg, empty load weight: 22,200 kg, transport length: 6,410 mm, transport width: 1,390 mm, transport height: 3,170 mm, fuel type: electric, color: red, Equipment: UVV, all wheel drive, Technical Data Year of manufacture: 2021 Motor: Electric Bsdpfoyqyz Isx Adrsdd Working height: 32.00 m Platform height: 30.00 m Platform extension: 1.90 m Platform dimensions (L x W): 5.85 x 1.20 m Overall dimensions (L x W x H): 6.41 m x 1.39 m x 4.16 m Load capacity: 750 kg Load capacity extended: 750 kg Max. persons: 2/2 Travel speed: 0.1 - 1.4 km/h Drive unit: 4 x 53 VAC / 2.0 kW Lifting unit: 53 VAC / 28.0 kW Climbing ability: 30% Weight: 22,200 kg Normal signs of use, fully functional, UVV tested

Condition: used, functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 2022, machine/vehicle number: 2453428, load capacity: 750 kg, empty load weight: 13,400 kg, transport length: 4,950 mm, transport width: 2,460 mm, transport height: 3,000 mm, fuel type: electric, color: red, Equipment: UVV, all wheel drive, Technical Data Year of manufacture: 2022 Engine: Electric Working height: 22.00 m Platform height: 20.00 m Platform extension: 2.70 m Platform dimensions (L x W): 4.85 m x 2.25 m Overall dimensions (L x W x H): 4.95 m x 2.46 m x 3.86 m Load capacity: 750 kg Load capacity (extended): 750 kg Max. persons: 4 Driving speed: 0.4 - 5.0 km/h Drive system: 4 x 32 VAC / 3.3 kW Bodpfx Adoyqyzzersdd Lifting system: 2 x 48 VDC / 10.0 kW Climbing ability: 40% Weight: 4,300 kg General signs of use, fully functional, UVV certified

Condition: used, functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 2022, machine/vehicle number: 2453308, power: 2 kW (2.72 HP), load capacity: 750 kg, lifting height: 26,000 mm, platform length: 5,080 mm, platform width: 1,200 mm, overall weight: 18,260 kg, transport length: 5,690 mm, transport width: 1,390 mm, transport height: 3,170 mm, construction height: 4,160 mm, fuel type: electric, tire size: 28x12 -22, color: red, Equipment: UVV, all wheel drive, Technical Specifications Year of manufacture: 2022 Engine: Electric Working height: 28.00 m Platform height: 26.00 m Platform extension: 1.90 m Platform dimensions (L x W): 5.08 m x 1.20 m Overall dimensions (L x W x H): 5.69 m x 1.39 m x 4.16 m Max. load capacity: 750 kg Bsdpfxjyqyzuj Adrodd Drive: 4 x 53 VAC / 2.0 kW Lifting drive: 53 VAC / 28.0 kW Travel speed: 0.1 - 1.5 km/h Gradeability: 30% Weight: 18,260 kg All-wheel drive, outriggers, fully functional, UVV, general signs of use

Condition: used, functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 2022, machine/vehicle number: 2453298, power: 3.3 kW (4.49 HP), load capacity: 750 kg, lifting height: 20,000 mm, platform length: 4,300 mm, platform width: 1,190 mm, overall weight: 12,350 kg, transport length: 4,720 mm, transport width: 1,250 mm, transport height: 2,990 mm, fuel type: electric, color: red, Equipment: all wheel drive, Technical Specifications Year of manufacture: 2022 Motor: Electric 4x32 VAC / 3.3 kW Working height: 22.00 m Platform height: 20.00 m Platform extension: 1.80 m Load capacity: 750 kg Load capacity extended: 750 kg Bedeyqzy Sjpfx Adrodd Weight: 12,350 kg Platform dimensions (L x W): 4.30 m x 1.19 m Overall dimensions (L x W x H): 4.72 m x 1.25 m x 3.18 m Travel speed: 0.5 - 3.0 km/h Lifting drive: 2x48VDC / 8.0 kW Max. climbing ability: 25% Fully operational, general signs of use