Used Jlg 3369 Le for sale (253)

Condition: used, functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 2020, machine/vehicle number: 2475908, power: 46 kW (62.54 HP), load capacity: 230 kg, lifting height: 26,210 mm, platform length: 2,440 mm, platform width: 910 mm, empty load weight: 17,200 kg, transport length: 12,190 mm, transport width: 2,490 mm, transport height: 3,050 mm, fuel type: diesel, tire size: 18 x 24,5, color: orange, Equipment: UVV, all wheel drive, differential lock, Technical specifications: Year of manufacture: 2020 Gbodpfx Ajyqywiof Usi Working height: 28 m Platform height: 26.21 m Transport length: 12.19 m Transport width: 2.49 m Transport height: 3.05 m Platform capacity: 230 kg Platform size: 0.91 m x 2.44 m Climbing ability: max. 45% All-wheel drive, general signs of use, fully functional

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2020, operating hours: 215 h, machine/vehicle number: 52779706450262, load capacity: 200 kg, overall weight: 1,860 kg, product width (max.): 990 mm, working height: 8,200 mm, enginetype: Electric, manufacturer: JLG Gbsdpfxoytlqgj Af Uji

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2004, Vehicle description Vehicle descriptionDiesel all-wheel scissor lift JLG 260 MRT Year 2004 acc. counter 2.260 hours 17.5 KW Kubota engine 3,765 KG dead weight 9.92 meters working height Gsdporn Nkzsfx Af Ujbi - All-wheel drive - Extendable platform - 570 KG net load - ready for immediate use - Test book and inspection on request before delivery NEW! Sales price: 8.950,-- net Cheap delivery also possible!

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2012, mast type: telescopic, fuel type: diesel, Equipment: all wheel drive, Drivetrain Drive: Wheel Weights Empty weight: 16.892 kg Functional Lifting capacity: 230 kg Working height: 2.810 cm CE mark: yes Condition General condition: average Technical condition: average Visual appearance: average Other information Delivery terms: EXW Max. horizontal reach: 2610 m Transport dimensions (LxWxH): 9,8x2,49x3,18 Production country: US Additional information Please contact Christian Theißen for more information Manufacturer: JLG Model: 860SJ Year of build: 2012 Condition: Used Data: Max. working height: 28,10 m Platform height: 26,10 m Max. reach: 23,40 m Platform lifting capacity: 230kg Platform dimensions LxW: 2,44 x 0,91 m Swivel range: endless Max. climbing capacity: 45% Total dimensions LxWxH: 12,30x 2,49 x 3,04 m Transport dimensions LxWxH: 9,80 x 2,49 x 3,18 m Movable up to working height: 28,10 m Wheel pressure max.: 82kN Ground clearance: 0,30 m Drive type: Diesel Gbodpfxowc Snfs Af Uei Own weight: 16.892 kg Special features: Rotatable work basket basket arm/vertical rotation angle +70°/-60° four-wheel drive pendulum axle

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2011, operating hours: 5,356 h, machine/vehicle number: 0300143985, power: 36 kW (48.95 HP), mast type: telescopic, fuel type: diesel, fuel tank capacity: 117 l, color: other, Equipment: all wheel drive, General information Year of manufacture: 2011 Technical information Chassis type: rigid Drive: Wheel Make of engine: Deutz GVW: 12.848 kg Dimensions (LxBxH): 1001 x 248 x 258 cm Functional Gbodpfx Afsytbc Eo Usi Lifting capacity: 340 kg Working height: 2.200 cm Bucket capacity: 0,34 m³ CE mark: yes Condition Technical condition: good Visual appearance: good Condition CE type: CE JLG 660SJ – Built in 2011 – 5356 hours 22 meter working height – 4x4 diesel telescopic boom lift with jib Looking for a powerful long reach telescopic boom lift? This 2011 JLG 660SJ with 5356 hours is equipped with a reliable Deutz diesel engine and offers excellent performance at height. With a working height of 22 meters, a side reach of 17.4 meters and a lifting capacity of up to 340 kg, this machine is ideal for construction, maintenance and industrial applications. Specifications: Year of construction: 2011 Hours: 5356 hours Engine: Deutz diesel Working height: 22 meters Platform height: 20.02 meters Horizontal outreach: 17.4 meters Lifting capacity: 340 kg Drive: 4x4 Transport dimensions (LxWxH): 10.01 x 2.48 x 2.58 meters Weight: 11,494 kg CE certified Price excluding VAT For more pictures and videos please visit our website. Contact us for availability or a viewing.

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2008, operating hours: 1,974 h, machine/vehicle number: 0300130952, mast type: telescopic, fuel type: diesel, Empty weight: 12.250 kg Lifting capacity: 230 kg Working height: 2.000 cm Front tyres / undercarriage remaining: 0 Rear tyres remaining : 0 Godpfxjwu Nrrs Af Ujbi Tyre brand: - Max. horizontal reach: 1740 m Transport dimensions (LxWxH): 10.79x2.49x2.5 Please contact PFEIFER GROUP for more information

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2019, operating hours: 871 h, machine/vehicle number: 0300265910, Drivetrain Type of fuel: LPG Weights Empty weight: 16.130 kg Functional Mast: articulated arm Lifting capacity: 230 kg Working height: 2.640 cm Other information Front tyres / undercarriage remaining: 90 Rear tyres remaining : 90 Tyre brand: Outrigger Max. horizontal reach: 1580 m Gbodpfswq Ur Nox Af Usi Transport dimensions (LxWxH): 11.13x2.48x3 Additional information Please contact PFEIFER GROUP for more information

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2013, lifting height: 1,970 mm, fuel type: electric, Drivetrain Drive: Wheel Weights Empty weight: 2.765 kg Functional Lifting capacity: 320 kg Working height: 1.180 cm Gjdpfjxdllqsx Af Uebi CE mark: yes Condition General condition: average Technical condition: average Visual appearance: average Other information Delivery terms: EXW Transport dimensions (LxWxH): 2,41x1,22x1,38 Production country: CN Additional information Please contact Christian Theißen for more information Manufacturer: JLG Model: 10RS Year of build: 2013 Condition: Used Data: Max. working height: 11,75 m Max. platform height: 9,75 m Lifting capacity: 320 kg Lifting capacity on extension: 120 kg Drive type: Batterie Platform dimensions LxW: 2,16 x 1,07 m Platform length pushed out: 0,86 m Total dimensions LxWxH: 2,41 x 1,22 x 1,97 m Transport dimensions LxWxH: 2,41 x 1,22 x 1,38 m Ground clearance: 0,10 m Gradeability: 25% Empty weight: 2.765 kg Special features: White tires, attachment points for personal protective equipment (PSA) present. Location: 41468 Neuss immediately available

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2012, lifting height: 9,700 mm, fuel type: electric, Drivetrain Drive: Wheel Gbodev Ti Dmspfx Af Uei Weights Empty weight: 2.860 kg Functional Lifting capacity: 320 kg Working height: 1.170 cm CE mark: yes Condition Technical condition: good Visual appearance: good Other information Delivery terms: EXW Transport dimensions (LxWxH): 254x118x145 Additional information Please contact Christian Theißen for more information Manufacturer: JLG Model: 3246ES Year of build: 2012 Condition: Used Data: Max. working height: 11,70 m Max. platform height: 9,70 m Lifting capacity: 320 kg Lifting capacity on extension: 120 kg Drive type: Battery Platform dimensions LxW: 2,54 x 1,13 m Total dimensions LxW: 2,54 x 1,18 m Height transport position with railing: 2,35 m Height transport position without railing: 1,45 m Movable up to working height: 11,70 m Ground clearance: 0,11 m indoor use only: yes Empty weight: 2.860 kg Special features: white tires, very long work cycles possible, anchor points for restraint systems (PSA) available. Location: 41468 Neuss immediately available

Condition: used, functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 2013, load capacity: 200 kg, lifting height: 10,100 mm, overall weight: 2,990 kg, fuel type: electric, color: yellow, transport length: 2,820 mm, transport width: 990 mm, transport height: 1,990 mm, Equipment: UVV, Industrial Vertical Mast Lift - JLG Toucan T 10 E Manufacturer: JLG Model: Toucan T 10 E Year of manufacture: 2013 Technical Specifications Working height: 10.10 m Platform height: 8.10 m Lateral outreach: 3.38 m Slew range: 345° Total weight: 2,990 kg Length: 2.82 m Width: 0.99 m Access height: 1.99 m Platform size: 0.90 m x 0.70 m Platform capacity: 200 kg Outriggers: none Drive: electric Special features White tyres Basket arm rotation angle: +66°/-61° Inspections/Status Safety inspection (UVV): valid until 09/2025 Gedpfxoxfiy Uj Af Ujbi Operating hours: approx. 967 hrs as of 04/2025 Age-related signs of use If interested, we are available for you Monday to Friday from 07:00 to 16:00. Quoted price plus statutory VAT. Subject to change and errors!

Condition: used, functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 2015, load capacity: 200 kg, lifting height: 12,650 mm, overall weight: 4,900 kg, transport length: 3,650 mm, transport width: 120 mm, transport height: 1,990 mm, fuel type: electric, color: yellow, Equipment: UVV, Industrial Vertical Mast Lift - JLG Toucan T 12 E+ Manufacturer: JLG Model: Toucan T 12 E+ Year of manufacture: 2015 Technical Specifications Working height: 12.65 m Platform height: 10.65 m Horizontal outreach: 6.05 m Slew range: 344° Total weight: 4,900 kg Length: 3.65 m Width: 1.20 m Clearance height: 1.99 m Platform size: 1.05 m x 0.70 m Platform capacity: 200 kg Outriggers: none Drive: Electric Special Features Telescopic basket arm with double extension Inside turning radius: 0.75 m Basket arm end position damping Inspection/Readings UVV inspection valid until 05/2026 Operating hours: approx. 1,156 hrs as of 07/2025 Age-related signs of use Gbjdpfx Afoxfiz Ej Uji If interested, we are available Monday to Friday from 07:00 to 16:00. Listed price plus statutory VAT. Subject to prior sale and errors.

Condition: excellent (used), functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 2019, load capacity: 230 kg, lifting height: 1,372 mm, overall weight: 6,750 kg, empty load weight: 230 kg, transport length: 6,450 mm, transport width: 1,750 mm, transport height: 2,010 mm, next inspection (TÜV): 02/2027, fuel type: electric, tire condition: 95 %, Brand: JLG E450AJ Year of manufacture: 2019 Stock number: JLG257687 Hours: +/-675 Last inspection: February 27, 2026 Fuel: Electric Remaining tire tread: 95% Platform height: 13.72 m Working height: 15.72 m Horizontal outreach: 7.24 m Up and over: 7.70 m Platform capacity: 230 kg Dimensions (L x W x H): 6.45 x 1.75 x 2.01 meters Gjdpeyrpwbjfx Af Uobi Total weight GVW: 6750 kg CE (Declaration of Conformity). All necessary documents and paperwork. A very nice machine! Machines are from the rental fleet. We provide inspection, maintenance, and transport.

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2021, operating hours: 1,254 h, axle configuration: 4x4, fuel type: diesel, color: other, Equipment: all wheel drive, Drivetrain Drive: Wheel Gbjdpfx Afeyrppwe Uoi Weights Empty weight: 6.250 kg Functional Mast: articulated arm Lifting capacity: 250 kg Working height: 1.570 cm CE mark: yes Maintenance, history and condition Number of owners: 1 Technical condition: very good Visual appearance: very good Other information Remanufactured: Yes Delivery terms: FCA, DAP, EXW Max. horizontal reach: 747 m Max swing of arm in degrees: 360 Max swing of platform in degrees: 180 Transport dimensions (LxWxH): 0,00671x0,00234x0,00229 Rental currency: EUR Latest inspection: 2025-05-05 Production country: RO Additional information Please contact Sales Department for more information

Condition: used, functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 2012, machine/vehicle number: 2475958, power: 56 kW (76.14 HP), load capacity: 450 kg, lifting height: 41,150 mm, platform length: 2,440 mm, platform width: 910 mm, overall weight: 20,400 kg, transport length: 11,860 mm, transport width: 2,490 mm, transport height: 3,050 mm, fuel type: diesel, tire size: 445/50D710, color: orange, Equipment: UVV, all wheel drive, differential lock, Technical Specifications Year of manufacture: 2012 Working height: 43.30 m Platform height: 41.30 m Lateral outreach: 24.38 m Rotation: 360° Load capacity: 450 kg Gedjyqywcjpfx Af Uobi Basket arm length: 2.44 m Platform size (L x W): 0.91 m x 2.44 m Overall dimensions (L x W x H): 11.86 m x 2.49 m x 3.05 m Climbing ability: 45% Travel speed: 5.2 km/h Weight: 20,400 kg Fully functional, general used condition, UVV compliant

Condition: used, functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 2019, machine/vehicle number: 2475558, power: 55.9 kW (76.00 HP), load capacity: 454 kg, lifting height: 36,580 mm, platform length: 2,440 mm, platform width: 910 mm, overall weight: 18,500 kg, transport length: 11,450 mm, transport width: 2,490 mm, transport height: 3,050 mm, fuel type: diesel, tire size: 445/50D710, ground clearance: 300 mm, color: orange, Equipment: UVV, all wheel drive, differential lock, Technical data Year of manufacture: 2019 Working height: 38.73 m Platform height: 36.73 m Lateral outreach: 22.86 m Slew: 360° Platform capacity: 450 kg Basket arm length: 2.44 m Basket arm movement range: 130° Articulated joint movement range: 180° horizontal Platform size: 0.91 m x 2.44 m Overall width: 2.49 m Construction height: 3.05 m Gedpfx Afoyqyv Sj Usbi Overall length: 10.64 m Total weight: 18,500 kg General signs of wear

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2011, lifting height: 2,340 mm, fuel type: electric, Drivetrain Drive: Wheel Weights Empty weight: 2.710 kg Functional Lifting capacity: 450 kg Working height: 990 cm CE mark: yes Condition General condition: average Technical condition: average Visual appearance: average Other information Delivery terms: EXW Transport dimensions (LxWxH): 2,5x1,17x2,34 Additional information Please contact Christian Theißen for more information Manufacturer: JLG Model: 2646ES Gbsdpev Ti E Dofx Af Uji Year of build: 2011 Condition: Used Data: Max. working height: 9,90 m Max. platform height: 7,90 m Lifting capacity: 450 kg Lifting capacity on extension: 120 kg Drive type: Battery Platform dimensions LxW: 2,50 x 1,10 m Platform lenght pushed out: 3,73 m Total dimensions LxW: 2,50 x 1,17 m Height transport position with/without railing: 2,34/1,92 m Movable up to working height: 9,90 m Ground clearance: 0,13 m Only indoor using: no Own weight: 2.710 kg Special features: white tires, attachment points for restraint systems (PSA) available. Location: 41468 Neuss immediately available

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2012, lifting height: 2,340 mm, fuel type: electric, Empty weight: 2.710 kg Lifting capacity: 450 kg Working height: 990 cm General condition: average Technical condition: average Visual appearance: average Transport dimensions (LxWxH): 2,5x1,17x2,34 Please contact Christian Theißen for more information Manufacturer: JLG Model: 2646ES Year of build: 2012 Condition: Used Data: Max. working height: 9,90 m Max. platform height: 7,90 m Lifting capacity: 450 kg Lifting capacity on extension: 120 kg Drive type: Batterie Platform dimensions LxW: 2,50 x 1,10 m Gbsdpfx Afev Tiwys Uei Platform length pushed out: 3,73 m Total dimensions LxW: 2,50 x 1,17 m Height transport position with/without railing: 2,34/1,92 m Movable up to working height: 9,90 m Ground clearance: 0,13 m indoor use only: nein Empty weight: 2.710 kg Special features: White tires, attachment points for personal protective equipment (PPE) present. Location: 41468 Neuss immediately available

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2008, lifting height: 7,800 mm, fuel type: electric, Drivetrain Drive: Wheel Weights Empty weight: 2.200 kg Functional Lifting capacity: 230 kg Working height: 980 cm CE mark: yes Condition General condition: average Technical condition: average Visual appearance: average Other information Delivery terms: EXW Transport dimensions (LxWxH): 2,34x0,77x1,86 Production country: BE Additional information Please contact Christian Theißen for more information Manufacturer: JLG Model: 2630ES Year of build: 2008 Condition: Used Data: Max. working height: 9,80 m Platform height: 7,80 m Platform lifting capacity: 230kg Lifting capacity on extension: 120 kg Gbsdoxbhgfopfx Af Usi Platform dimensions LxW: 2,34 x 0,75 m Platform lenght pushed out: 3,20 m Total dimensions LxW: 2,34 x 0,77 m Height transport position with railing: 2,33 m Height transport position without railing: 1,86 m Ground clearance: 0,09 m Drive type: Batterie Own weight: 2.200 kg Special features: weiße Reifen, Anschlagpunkte für Rückhaltsysteme(PSA) vorhanden Information: new batteries. Location: 41468 Neuss: immediately available

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2008, lifting height: 7,800 mm, fuel type: electric, Drivetrain Drive: Wheel Weights Empty weight: 2.200 kg Functional Lifting capacity: 230 kg Working height: 980 cm CE mark: yes Condition Technical condition: good Visual appearance: good Other information Delivery terms: EXW Transport dimensions (LxWxH): 234x77x186 Production country: US Additional information Please contact Christian Theißen for more information Manufacturer: JLG Model: 2630ES Year of build: 2009 Condition: Used Gbjdpfjv Tiwasx Af Usi Data: Max. working height: 9,80 m Platform height: 7,80 m Platform lifting capacity: 230kg Lifting capacity on extension: 120 kg Platform dimensions LxW: 2,34 x 0,75 m Platform length pushed out: 3,20 m Total dimensions LxW: 2,34 x 0,77 m Height transport position with railing: 2,33 m Height transport position without railing: 1,86 m Ground clearance: 0,09 m Drive type: Battery Empty weight: 2.190kg Special features: white tires, attachment points for restraint systems (PSA) available Information: Suitable transport trailer upon request for an additional charge of €2,999 Location: 41468 Neuss immediately available

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2010, lifting height: 7,900 mm, fuel type: electric, Drivetrain Drive: Wheel Weights Empty weight: 2.710 kg Functional Lifting capacity: 450 kg Working height: 990 cm CE mark: yes Condition General condition: average Technical condition: average Visual appearance: average Other information Delivery terms: EXW Transport dimensions (LxWxH): 2,5x1,17x1,92 Production country: BE Additional information Please contact Christian Theißen for more information Manufacturer: JLG Model: 2646ES Year of build: 2010 Condition: Used Data: Max. working height: 9,90 m Max. platform height: 7,90 m Lifting capacity: 450 kg Lifting capacity on extension: 120 kg Drive type: Batterie Gjdpfxev Ti Ewo Af Ujbi Platform dimensions LxW: 2,50 x 1,10 m Platform length pushed out: 3,73 m Total dimensions LxW: 2,50 x 1,17 m Height transport position with/without railing: 2,34/1,92 m Movable up to working height: 9,90 m Ground clearance: 0,13 m indoor use only: nein Empty weight: 2.710 kg Special features: White tires, attachment points for personal protective equipment (PPE) present. Location: 41468 Neuss immediately available

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2022, operating hours: 158 h, machine/vehicle number: 52735628181846, load capacity: 200 kg, overall weight: 2,600 kg, product width (max.): 990 mm, working height: 10,100 mm, enginetype: Electric, manufacturer: JLG Gedpfx Aoyq U Dqjf Ujbi

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2006, operating hours: 5,688 h, Equipment: all wheel drive, Telescopic Boom Lift, JLG 680 S, 4x4 All-wheel Drive, with 4m Platform Basket - Manufacturer: JLG - Model: 680 S - Working height: 22.7 m - Platform height: 20.7 m - Lateral outreach: 18 m - Year of manufacture: 2006 - Hour meter reading: 5,688 hours (read off) - 3-section telescoping steel boom - Powered by 4-cylinder Deutz diesel engine - 2 drive speeds - Tire size: 18-625 NHS - Tread depth: 17-21 mm - Wheelbase: 3,050 mm - Drive configuration: 4x4 - Transport dimensions (L x W x H): 12,250 x 2,520 x 2,980 mm - Weight: 15,953 kg - Platform load capacity: 230 kg - Rotating platform basket - Platform basket in steel construction - Platform basket dimensions (L x W x H): 4,000 x 1,020 x 1,100 mm Gedpfxoyq Apzj Af Uobi - Basket and ground controls, oscillating axle, generator Further data and additional images are available upon request. This description does not constitute a binding offer and may contain errors. No guarantee for the accuracy of all information. Also visit our homepage.

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2012, operating hours: 4,579 h, Equipment: all wheel drive, Telescopic boom lift, JLG 680 S, 4x4 all-wheel drive, with 4m platform basket JLG, * 680 S, * Working height: 22.7 m, * Platform height: 20.7 m, * Lateral outreach: 18 m, * Year of manufacture: 2012, * Hour meter reading: 4,879 hours recorded, * 3-section telescopic steel construction, * Powered by a 4-cylinder Deutz diesel engine, * 2 driving speeds, * Tire size: 18-625 NHS, * Tread depth: 17-21 mm, * Wheelbase: 3,050 mm, * Drive configuration: 4x4, Godpfx Ajyq Ap Uof Usbi * Overall dimensions: 12,250 x 2,520 x 2,980 mm, * Weight: 15,953 kg, * Basket load capacity: 230 kg, * Rotatable platform basket, * Steel platform basket construction, * Basket dimensions (L x W x H): 4,000 x 1,020 x 1,100 mm, * Basket and ground controls, oscillating axle. Further data and additional images are available on request. This description does not constitute a binding offer and may contain errors. No guarantee on all information provided. Please also visit our homepage.

Condition: used, functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 2008, load capacity: 230 kg, lifting height: 17,800 mm, overall weight: 7,430 kg, fuel type: diesel, color: yellow, transport length: 6,530 mm, transport width: 2,240 mm, transport height: 2,300 mm, Equipment: UVV, all wheel drive, Industrial Articulated Boom Lift - JLG 450 AJ Manufacturer: JLG Model: 450 AJ Year of manufacture: 2008 Technical data Working height: 15.70 m Platform height: 13.72 m Lateral outreach: 8.27 m Slew range: 355° Articulation height: 7.67 m Total weight: 7,430 kg Length: 6.53 m Gedoyq Nwlepfx Af Usbi Width: 2.34 m Clearance height: 2.30 m Platform size: 1.83 m x 0.76 m Platform capacity: 230 kg Basket arm rotation angle: 145° Basket rotation: 170° Outriggers: none Drive: Diesel all-wheel drive Special equipment: All-wheel drive, oscillating axle Inspections/Readings UVV: valid until 05/2026 Operating hours: approx. 5,053 hrs as of 12/2025 Age-related signs of use Should you be interested, we are available Monday to Friday, 7:00 AM to 4:00 PM. Price stated plus statutory VAT. Subject to change and errors excepted!

Condition: excellent (used), functionality: fully functional, For sale is a tracked aerial work platform JLG X20J+ in excellent condition. The machine was built in 2024 and has only 67 operating hours, making it virtually as new. Thanks to its compact tracked chassis, the lift is ideal for work on sensitive or uneven ground, as well as for narrow passages and hard-to-access job sites. Technical specifications: Manufacturer: JLG Model: X20J+ Gsdpfx Aoyqxugof Uebi Year: 2024 Operating hours: 67 h Working height: 20.05 m Outreach: approx. 9.7 m Platform capacity: 230 kg Platform size: 0.69 x 1.34 m Machine weight: approx. 2,840 kg Transport width: just approx. 0.80 m Transport length: approx. 5 m Drive: Diesel / Electric Features / Advantages: - Tracked undercarriage for difficult terrain - Automatic outriggers for quick setup - 360° rotation Platform for 2 persons Compact design – fits through narrow openings Ideal for facade work, roofing, PV installations, tree care, or hall assembly Condition The machine is in flawless technical condition and has been regularly inspected and serviced. Applications - Photovoltaic installation - Roofing and facade work - Tree care - Building maintenance - Assembly work indoors and outdoors Inspection possible by appointment. Transport can be arranged if required.