Used Rima Rs 3313 S for sale (68,587)

Condition: used, mileage: 1,335 km, power: 382 kW (519.37 HP), first registration: 12/2025, fuel type: diesel, overall weight: 26,000 kg, axle configuration: 3 axles, next inspection (TÜV): 12/2026, color: white, gearing type: automatic, Equipment: ABS, air conditioning, electronic stability program (ESP), navigation system, parking heater, MAN TGS 33.520 BL 6x4 CH chassis cab – new vehicle with day registration, 33t variant, 6x4 drive, wheelbase 3.60 m, 520 hp, with PTO, air conditioning, auxiliary heater, trailer coupling with 50 mm pin, manufacturer’s warranty, and much more. MAN manufacturer warranty valid until 16/12/2026 MAN ATS warranty valid until 16/12/2027 Commercial tonnage: 33 tonnes Permissible gross weight: 26,000 kg Permissible total vertical load (Tech. Plus): 28,000 kg Mileage approx. 1,335 km (transfer mileage) Medium height design Short NN cab Diesel engine with 382 kW (520 hp) output and 2,650 Nm torque 6x4 drive Wheelbase 3,600 mm, 800 mm rear overhang Differential locks on rear axles MAN TipMatic 12.28 OD automatic transmission PTO, gearbox-dependent, type NTX/10c, without flange, f=1.15, position approx. 3:30 o’clock High-performance engine brake MAN EVBec, multi-stage Transmission function MAN EfficientRoll Transmission function rocking/free-swinging Transmission function MAN Idle Speed Driving Transmission for increased push/pull share in driving operation MAN TipMatic driving programs: Performance and Efficiency up to 70,000 kg MAN TipMatic driving program: Offroad up to 70,000 kg MAN TipMatic Manoeuvre mode, shunting function Creeper function MAN EasyStart MAN ComfortSteering system Full brake assist Emergency brake assist EBA Lane Departure Warning LDW Driver alert system MAN AttentionGuard Offroad ABS with additional terrain logic EBS, ASR, ESP Front axle leaf sprung, rear axles air suspended Front axle: 9,000 kg, Rear axle: 13,000 kg Front axle spring capacity: 9,500 kg Stabilisers and shock absorbers on front and rear axles Axle ratio i=4.00 Trailer coupling ROCKINGER type 500 G 6B for trailer load up to 24,000 kg (Tech. Plus) Permissible gross combination weight (Tech. Plus): 44,000 kg Climatronic 4 kW water auxiliary heater Cruise control Multifunction steering wheel Sun visor Roof hatch 2 LED work lights behind cab roof 2 beacons on cab roof LED daytime running lights LED rear lights and side marker lights Bdsdpex Txw Ijfx Amyof 2 LED contour lights and side indicators Electrically adjustable and heated exterior mirrors Electric windows MAN EasyControl operation panel, 4 functions, operable from outside with door open Air-suspended and heated driver comfort seat Comfort seat covers Smartphone integration MAN Sound System Advanced MAN Media System Advanced Navigation 7 inch New vehicle, day registration on 16/12/2025, with MAN manufacturer's warranty Net price plus 19% VAT. Attractive financing offers available on request. All information provided without guarantee. Subject to error and prior sale. Internal vehicle number: 2571

Condition: new, mileage: 500 km, power: 382 kW (519.37 HP), fuel type: diesel, overall weight: 26,000 kg, axle configuration: 3 axles, color: white, gearing type: automatic, Equipment: ABS, air conditioning, electronic stability program (ESP), navigation system, parking heater, MAN TGS 33.520 BL 6x4 CH chassis cab – new vehicle with day registration, 33t variant, 6x4 drive, wheelbase 3.60 m, 520 hp, with PTO, air conditioning, auxiliary heater, trailer coupling with 50 mm pin, manufacturer’s warranty, and much more. MAN manufacturer warranty valid until 16/12/2026 MAN ATS warranty valid until 16/12/2027 Commercial tonnage: 33 tonnes Permissible gross weight: 26,000 kg Permissible total vertical load (Tech. Plus): 28,000 kg Mileage approx. 1,335 km (transfer mileage) Medium height design Short NN cab Diesel engine with 382 kW (520 hp) output and 2,650 Nm torque 6x4 drive Wheelbase 3,600 mm, 800 mm rear overhang Differential locks on rear axles MAN TipMatic 12.28 OD automatic transmission PTO, gearbox-dependent, type NTX/10c, without flange, f=1.15, position approx. 3:30 o’clock High-performance engine brake MAN EVBec, multi-stage Transmission function MAN EfficientRoll Transmission function rocking/free-swinging Transmission function MAN Idle Speed Driving Transmission for increased push/pull share in driving operation MAN TipMatic driving programs: Performance and Efficiency up to 70,000 kg MAN TipMatic driving program: Offroad up to 70,000 kg MAN TipMatic Manoeuvre mode, shunting function Creeper function MAN EasyStart MAN ComfortSteering system Full brake assist Emergency brake assist EBA Lane Departure Warning LDW Driver alert system MAN AttentionGuard Offroad ABS with additional terrain logic EBS, ASR, ESP Front axle leaf sprung, rear axles air suspended Bsdpfx Asx Txxlemyedf Front axle: 9,000 kg, Rear axle: 13,000 kg Front axle spring capacity: 9,500 kg Stabilisers and shock absorbers on front and rear axles Axle ratio i=4.00 Trailer coupling ROCKINGER type 500 G 6B for trailer load up to 24,000 kg (Tech. Plus) Permissible gross combination weight (Tech. Plus): 44,000 kg Climatronic 4 kW water auxiliary heater Cruise control Multifunction steering wheel Sun visor Roof hatch 2 LED work lights behind cab roof 2 beacons on cab roof LED daytime running lights LED rear lights and side marker lights 2 LED contour lights and side indicators Electrically adjustable and heated exterior mirrors Electric windows MAN EasyControl operation panel, 4 functions, operable from outside with door open Air-suspended and heated driver comfort seat Comfort seat covers Smartphone integration MAN Sound System Advanced MAN Media System Advanced Navigation 7 inch New vehicle, day registration on 16/12/2025, with MAN manufacturer's warranty Net price plus 19% VAT. Attractive financing offers available on request. All information provided without guarantee. Subject to error and prior sale. Internal vehicle number: 2571

Condition: used, mileage: 1,335 km, power: 382 kW (519.37 HP), first registration: 12/2025, fuel type: diesel, overall weight: 26,000 kg, axle configuration: 3 axles, next inspection (TÜV): 12/2026, color: white, gearing type: automatic, Equipment: ABS, air conditioning, electronic stability program (ESP), navigation system, parking heater, MAN TGS 33.520 BL 6x4 CH chassis cab – new vehicle with day registration, 33t variant, 6x4 drive, wheelbase 3.60 m, 520 hp, with PTO, air conditioning, auxiliary heater, trailer coupling with 50 mm pin, manufacturer’s warranty, and much more. MAN manufacturer warranty valid until 16/12/2026 MAN ATS warranty valid until 16/12/2027 Commercial tonnage: 33 tonnes Permissible gross weight: 26,000 kg Permissible total vertical load (Tech. Plus): 28,000 kg Mileage approx. 1,335 km (transfer mileage) Medium height design Short NN cab Diesel engine with 382 kW (520 hp) output and 2,650 Nm torque 6x4 drive Wheelbase 3,600 mm, 800 mm rear overhang Differential locks on rear axles MAN TipMatic 12.28 OD automatic transmission PTO, gearbox-dependent, type NTX/10c, without flange, f=1.15, position approx. 3:30 o’clock High-performance engine brake MAN EVBec, multi-stage Transmission function MAN EfficientRoll Transmission function rocking/free-swinging Transmission function MAN Idle Speed Driving Transmission for increased push/pull share in driving operation MAN TipMatic driving programs: Performance and Efficiency up to 70,000 kg MAN TipMatic driving program: Offroad up to 70,000 kg MAN TipMatic Manoeuvre mode, shunting function Creeper function MAN EasyStart MAN ComfortSteering system Full brake assist Emergency brake assist EBA Bdsdpsx I T Tmsfx Amyef Lane Departure Warning LDW Driver alert system MAN AttentionGuard Offroad ABS with additional terrain logic EBS, ASR, ESP Front axle leaf sprung, rear axles air suspended Front axle: 9,000 kg, Rear axle: 13,000 kg Front axle spring capacity: 9,500 kg Stabilisers and shock absorbers on front and rear axles Axle ratio i=4.00 Trailer coupling ROCKINGER type 500 G 6B for trailer load up to 24,000 kg (Tech. Plus) Permissible gross combination weight (Tech. Plus): 44,000 kg Climatronic 4 kW water auxiliary heater Cruise control Multifunction steering wheel Sun visor Roof hatch 2 LED work lights behind cab roof 2 beacons on cab roof LED daytime running lights LED rear lights and side marker lights 2 LED contour lights and side indicators Electrically adjustable and heated exterior mirrors Electric windows MAN EasyControl operation panel, 4 functions, operable from outside with door open Air-suspended and heated driver comfort seat Comfort seat covers Smartphone integration MAN Sound System Advanced MAN Media System Advanced Navigation 7 inch New vehicle, day registration on 16/12/2025, with MAN manufacturer's warranty Net price plus 19% VAT. Attractive financing offers available on request. All information provided without guarantee. Subject to error and prior sale. Internal vehicle number: 2571

Condition: used, machine/vehicle number: 5257, Inlet: 800 x 200 mm Rotor diameter: 200 mm Width: 880 mm Rotor blades: 3 Bedpfx Amjyr I E Rsyodf Stator blades: 2 Drive: 5.5 kW

Condition: used, mileage: 173,125 km, power: 390 kW (530.25 HP), first registration: 06/2022, fuel type: diesel, overall weight: 26,000 kg, axle configuration: 3 axles, next inspection (TÜV): 06/2027, brakes: retarder, color: black, gearing type: automatic, emission class: euro6, Year of construction: 2022, Equipment: ABS, air conditioning, parking heater, Stock no. 5857 DAF CF 530 FAT with Meiller RS 21.65 roll-off hook and remote control / 6x4 / Intarder ----* Manufacturer: DAF * Type: CF 530 FAT * Mileage: approx. 173,125 km * First registration: 06/2022 * Transmission: Automatic * Gross vehicle weight: 26,000 kg * Unladen weight according to vehicle registration document: 11,175 kg * Axles: 6x4 * Wheelbase: 4.90m * Suspension: front leaf suspension, rear air suspension * Tires: 1st axle 385/65 R 22.5, 2nd + 3rd axle 315/80 R 22.5 approx. 50% * Cab: Sleeper Cab / 1 bed * Horsepower: 530 hp / Euro 6 * ABS/EBS * Color: Black * TÜV (German technical inspection): 06/2027 * Meiller roll-off hook type RS 21.65, year of manufacture 2021 with remote control * Roll-off hook for container lengths from 5.00m to 6.50m * Underrun protection, mechanically extendable * Trailer coupling with 50mm hitch pin Bdjdjzi N Erjpfx Amyof * Folding warning sign on the rear right * Aluminum mudguards for 2nd and 3rd axle * Open tool box on the left * Steel tool box on the left * LED reversing lights * LED work lights on the rear of the cab * Rotating beacons * 430 liter aluminum diesel tank on the right * AdBlue tank on the left * Central locking with remote control * Differential lock * Engine brake * Cruise control * Intarder * Lane keeping assist system * Emergency braking assist * Electric windows and mirrors * Mirror heating * Air conditioning * Auxiliary heater * Heated driver's seat * Sunroof * Radio with Bluetooth * Multifunctional steering wheel * Cooler box * Radio German vehicle!! German documents!! Note regarding possible errors in the advertisement: Despite careful preparation of the advertisement, occasional errors may have crept into the text or the information provided. We assume no liability for errors, changes or sales. All information is without guarantee. Please contact us to verify details or clarify further questions.

Year of construction: 2007, condition: used, Manufacturer: Solev (Clauger) Model: RH 550/230-25U-0-RS-SP-2G/1F Year : 2007 Bodpfx Aezg Nbhomyjdf Type : glycol water heat controller / Thermal skid Class : ATEX - EX II 3 G - EEx b,c,d,e II B T2 Minimum / maximum temperature : +20°C / +230°C Intensity: 51 A. Heating: 25 kW immersion heater Heating control by thyristors. Cooling: No cooling system. Heat transfer fluid: Therminol 66 Regulator type 2704 single loop from EUROTHERM Centrifugal electric pump unit giving a flow rate of 26 m3/H Motor: 4 KW. ALWEILLER NBT32-160/01/149 pump Filling volume : 69 L - 246 L Documentation available Sold with protective cover.

Condition: new, Type: S 300 l 2P-V Complete stainless steel Hopper capacity 300 liter Double working shafts Rotation of shafts in both directions Vacuum: 0,04 – 0,06 mpa Electric power: 4.4 kW Voltage: 380 V / 50 Hz Discharging pneumatic flaps PLC + Touchscreen control Delay start 99 programs Installation dimensions of machine in cm: Width: 135 Lenght: 84 Bjdpohd U R Hefx Amyedf Height: 142 Delivery time: after advanced payment, one working day

Condition: new, Type: S 200 l 2P Complete stainless steel Hopper capacity 200 liter Double working shafts with paddles Rotation of shafts in both directions Protection cover Two motors and two gears, transmission chain Electric power: 1.5 kW + 1.5 kW Voltage: 380 V / 50 Hz Discharging: 2 flaps Installation dimensions of machine in cm: Bsdpfx Ajhd U Taomyedf Width: 120 Lenght: 65 Height: 100 Delivery time: after advanced payment, one working day

Condition: like new (used), Cutter Manufacturer: Kilia Stainless steel Capacity of the bowl: 50 liters Bsdpfoxrtyxsx Amyedf 6 knives

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2020, PRICE: 2500 EUR Type: S 120 l Complete stainless steel Hopper capacity 120 liter Single working shaft Rotation of shaft in both directions Protection cover Electric power: 3 kW Voltage: 220 V / 50 Hz Installation dimensions of machine in cm: Width: 91 Lenght: 65 Height: 87 Bdodpfx Aof S A Ivsmyjf Delivery time: after advanced payment, one working day

Condition: new, Type: S 150 l Complete stainless steel Hopper capacity 150 liter Single working shaft with paddles Rotation of shaft in both directions Automatic stopping when cover is open Electric power: 2.2 kW Voltage: 380 V / 50 Hz Bdodpfx Ash Dp Sbjmyjf Installation dimensions of machine in cm: Width: 100 Lenght: 60 Height: 100 Delivery time: after advanced payment, one working day

Condition: new, Type: S 500 l 2P-V Complete stainless steel Hopper capacity 500 liter Double working shafts Rotation of shafts in both directions Vacuum: 0,04 – 0,06 mpa Electric power: 5.6 kW Voltage: 380 V / 50 Hz Discharging pneumatic flaps PLC + Touchscreen control Delay start 99 programs Installation dimensions of the machine in cm: Width: 160 Lenght: 95 Height: 142 Bjdjhd U R Ujpfx Amyedf Delivery time: after advanced payment, one working day

Condition: new, Spiral mixer S 38 Ital Form Mixer dimensions: 1000x610x1300mm Dough capacity: 60kg Flour capacity: 38kg Mixer power: 3.75kW Bowl power: 0.4kW Voltage: 200 / 440V / 50Hz / 3N/PE Net weight: 295kg Bjdpsx U Eg Eefx Amysdf

Condition: new, Spiral mixer S 50 Ital Form Mixer dimensions: 1200x410x1370mm Bowl dimensions: 670x400mm Dough capacity: 80kg Flour capacity: 50kg Mixer power: 7.5kW Bowl power: 1.0kW Bodpfx Ajx U Eh Asmyedf Voltage: 380V / 50Hz Mixer speed: 123-245rpm Bowl speed: 20rpm Net weight: 376kg

Condition: new, Spiral mixer S 75 Bedpfx Aex U Eigomyodf Ital Form Mixer dimensions: 1250x810x1410mm Bowl dimensions: 750x440mm Dough capacity: 120kg Flour capacity: 75kg Mixer power: 9kW Bowl power: 1.2kW Voltage: 380V / 50Hz Mixer speed: 123-245rpm Bowl speed: 20rpm Net weight: 376kg

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2007, Universal machining center Machine type: DMG DMC 60 T RS 3 Control: Siemens 840 D Year: 2007 new spindle: 2025 Neue B-Achslager Geometrieprotokoll vorhanden Neue Scheibe Neuer Klemmring SPECIFICATIONS 5-axis-simultaneous Travel X-Axis: 780 mm Bdjdszi Dy Rspfx Amyjf Y-Axis: 560 mm Z-Axis: 560 mm B-Axes: ° C-Axis Panning head Spindle speeds: 12.000 rpm Tool: SK 40 Toolchanger: Kettenmagazin / chain magazine Tool capacity: 180 Tool lenght: 315 mm NC rotary table Palett size: 630 x 500 mm Palett system Amount of paletts: 5 Equipment Chip conveyor cooling system Internal cooling: 40 bar Air blow Roto Clear

Condition: excellent (used), functionality: fully functional, year of last overhaul: 2024, input voltage: 400 V, DGUV certified until: 08/2027, overall weight: 285 kg, electrical fuse: 16 A, input frequency: 50 Hz, empty load weight: 285 kg, Mixing machine Boku RS 40 E Mixing machine with simple, robust technology! Bdedpfx Ajy Nv Aasmyof 2 working functions: 1 x mixing / 1 x whipping 1 mixing beater, 1 whipping beater 1 40-liter stainless steel container Working shaft/mixing shaft in new-like condition Connection: 400V, 16A CEE plug DGUV V3 tested Used machine Many more mixing machines are waiting for you in our warehouse!

Condition: used, functionality: fully functional, overall weight: 600 kg, – Good condition, fully functional Bdsdjzinu Ejpfx Amyef – Manufactured in Austria TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS: – Hopper dimensions: 120 cm x 100 cm – Power: 2 x 11 kW – Four axles – Axle length: 400 mm – Axle diameter: 300 mm – Screen: Ø 30 mm – Auto-reverse function – Dimensions (l/w/h): 140 / 130 / 200 cm – Weight: 600 kg

Condition: used, mileage: 337,737 km, power: 294 kW (399.73 HP), first registration: 02/2015, fuel type: diesel, overall weight: 32,000 kg, axle configuration: > 3 axles, next inspection (TÜV): 01/2026, color: green, gearing type: automatic, emission class: euro6, Equipment: ABS, air conditioning, * Sun visor * ABS * Rearview camera * Cruise control * Hill start assist * Electric windows * Electrically adjustable mirrors * Mirror heating * Sunroof * Driver comfort seat * Seat heating * Longitudinal and transverse differential locks * Steel bumper * Air intake on top * Air dryer * Foldable underride guard * Off-road driving program * ASR * ESP * Rear window * 360° rotating warning light, orange * Alloy wheels Bsdpfx Ajzigkfomysdf * 12-speed * Suspension: leaf spring * Payload: 19025 * Continuous brake: engine brake ----Superstructure: Stetter concrete mixer AM 9/8 FHC-LL, capacity 9,000 liters, 300-liter water tank.----360° camera system For sale to commercial businesses only. IN CASE OF EXPORT, ONLY THE NET PRICE IS PAYABLE!!!!! ALL INFORMATION WITHOUT GUARANTEE, INCLUDING EQUIPMENT AND ACCESSORIES. The basis for all purchase contracts, invoices, proforma invoices, orders, and sales negotiations are our general terms and conditions (see our legal notice for details).

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2023, functionality: fully functional, For sale is a high-quality Renner RS Pro 22 screw compressor, including a refrigerant dryer. The system is of German quality manufacture and is ideally suited for craft businesses, carpentry shops, metal construction, industry, and workshops with higher compressed air requirements. Bdsdpfxezfi Dts Amyjf The additional refrigerant dryer ensures dry and clean compressed air, which extends the service life of machines and pneumatic tools. Technical data: Manufacturer: Renner GmbH Model: RS Pro 22 Year of manufacture: 2019 Type: 3440 Motor power: 22 kW Voltage: 400 V Frequency: 50 Hz Phases: 3~ Delivery rate: 3,440 l/min Max. operating pressure: 10 bar Made in Germany CE version Equipment: Screw compressor Integrated refrigerant dryer Soundproof enclosure Industrial version Three-phase connection 400 V Maintenance-friendly design High air output Suitable for continuous operation Application areas: Carpentry Joinery Metal construction Automotive workshops Industry Craft businesses Scope of delivery: Renner RS Pro 22 screw compressor Refrigerant dryer Accessories as per scope of delivery Condition: Used - but with few operating hours - see photo Oil change performed New drive belts Functional Signs of wear and tear consistent with age and use Ready for immediate use The machine will be inspected before sale. For used machines manufactured in 2009 or earlier, the warranty is excluded when sold to commercial customers. Technical data and equipment may vary. Errors, prior sales and changes are subject to change. All information without guarantee.

Year of construction: 2012, condition: used, functionality: fully functional, Reisner KWR-S 100 HK cooling system Water Temperature 12-16°C Cooling capacity 120kW Winter relief Technical data Chiller KWR-K 100 KS/ Compressor: Piston compressor Volume flow: 110 m³/h Refrigerant: R407c Speed: 1,450 rpm Cooling capacity: 112 kW Power consumption: 37 kW Coefficient of performance 3.5 (average) Evaporating temperature +7°C Condensation temperature 45°C Operating voltage 400 V-3 PH-50 Hz Cooling capacity (dry cooler) 150 kW Air inlet temperature 35°C Maximum air inlet temperature 45°C Bdodpszh E Awsfx Amyef Air volume flow 45,600 m³/h Number of fans 4 Current draw per motor 7.2 A Power consumption per motor 0.9 kW (controlled) Operating voltage: 400 V-3 PH-50 Hz Sound pressure level 65.7 dB (A) at 10 m Device length: 5,350 mm Device width: 1,123 mm Device height: 1,150 mm Empty weight: 418 kg

Condition: used, maximum load weight: 30,360 kg, overall weight: 36,000 kg, axle configuration: 3 axles, first registration: 09/2019, loading space length: 9,700 mm, loading space width: 2,410 mm, loading space height: 2,200 mm, loading space volume: 50 m³, total width: 2,550 mm, total height: 3,780 mm, Equipment: ABS, Benalu Bulkliner S95 Aluminum Tipper 50m³ with Electric Cover * Automatic roll cover "EASY TARP" controlled via remote * All-aluminum construction * Tare weight approx. 5,640 kg * SAF axles * 1st axle as a lift axle * Aluminum rims * Aluminum support legs * WABCO SmartBoard * Round LED taillights * 4 LED work lights Bodpfxszhy Afe Amyedf * Reversing warning signal * Combination flap in smooth-wall design * Doors can be unlocked from the side * 2 grain slides * Hopper with dust sock * 2 shovel holders We are available to provide further information.

Condition: reconditioned (used), functionality: fully functional, year of last overhaul: 2026, warranty duration: 3 months, input voltage: 400 V, DGUV certified until: 08/2027, total length: 700 mm, overall weight: 285 kg, total width: 650 mm, total height: 1,420 mm, electrical fuse: 10 A, input frequency: 50 Hz, empty load weight: 285 kg, Mixing machine Boku - Diosna Model: RS 30 S 2 working functions: 1 x mixing / 1 x beating Bdedpfx Aewyrzmemyof 1 mixing beater, 1 beating beater 1 25-liter stainless steel tank Working shaft/mixing shaft in new condition Tank lift with fast elevator Mixing machine with tank lighting Simple technology Connection: 400V, 16A-CEE plug Used machine, overhauled & SAB tested with warranty + spare parts service Optional: New stainless steel tank Ring gas burner Service package Delivery service Maintenance contract Training & commissioning We have many more mixing machines in stock!

Condition: new, SCHUNK DPG 100 parallel gripper, serial number: 370253 + accompanying documents DPG 100/1 and DPG 100/1 S, unused, in opened original packaging, 100% functional, scope of delivery as shown in the photos. Bedpfx Aozd I Eyjmyodf

Year of construction: 2008, condition: defective spare-parts repository (used), functionality: unexamined, power: 5 kW (6.80 HP), number of previous owners: 1, noise level: 69 dB, machine/vehicle number: 070523, Current operating hours of the tube: unknown Maximum PCB width: 450 mm x 400 mm Inline X-ray imaging + AOI History from the previous owner is available We acquired the machine as "functional," but it was likely used as a source of spare parts by the previous owner. Therefore, it cannot be guaranteed that all components are present. We have never put the machine into operation and cannot provide any information about its condition during operation. You are welcome to inspect the machine in 72108 Rottenburg and form your own opinion. Bjdpfx Aozhwvpemyedf Since we are selling the machine as defective/in need of repair, the goods are sold with the exclusion of any warranty and any liability for defects.