Used Dual-Piston Compressor for sale (7,476)

Condition: like new (used), Year of construction: 2026, functionality: fully functional, overall weight: 1,080 kg, total length: 2,200 mm, total width: 1,300 mm, total height: 2,100 mm, power: 22 kW (29.91 HP), Frequency-controlled screw compressor, 22 kW, 4-in-1 Bodpfozw A Tfex Acnjll With compressed air treatment for laser applications Attached refrigeration dryer Integrated 4-stage fine filter for clean, oil-free compressed air supply Working pressure -1.6 MPa (approx. 16 bar) Delivery rate 2.3 m³/min at 1.6 MPa Integrated pressure vessel, approx. 550 l

Condition: excellent (used), ZILLI & BELLINI 40-Piston Rotary Filling Machine – Stainless Steel Automatic rotary filling machine by ZILLI & BELLINI, equipped with 40 pistons, designed for volumetric filling of containers in high-production industrial lines for the food and canning industries. The machine incorporates a rotary filling system with 40 pistons, allowing for the continuous processing of multiple containers as they move along the carousel. This configuration provides an efficient solution for lines that require automatic, uniform, and high-capacity dispensing. Primarily manufactured from stainless steel, it features a robust industrial construction designed for continuous operation. KEY FEATURES -Manufacturer: ZILLI & BELLINI -Type: Automatic rotary piston filling machine -Number of pistons: 40 -Volumetric filling system -Rotary filling carousel -Automatic and continuous operation -Automatic container handling -Automatic container infeed and outfeed -Transfer stars -Stainless steel construction -Robust industrial design -Suitable for high-production lines -Integrable into automatic filling and packaging lines -Designed for the food and canning industries APPLICATION The ZILLI & BELLINI is designed for continuous volumetric filling of containers using a rotary carousel equipped with 40 pistons. The containers are automatically transferred to the carousel, where they are positioned for dispensing. During the rotation, the piston system introduces the corresponding amount of product before transferring the filled containers to the next stage of production. The combination of 40 pistons and rotary operation is particularly interesting for facilities that require a continuous flow of containers and a high level of automation. It can be integrated with: Container feeders and conveyors Product feeding systems Can closing machines Cap feeders Weight checkers Inspection equipment Pasteurizers and autoclaves Labeling and coding systems Stacking and end-of-line equipment APPLICATIONS Especially suitable for canneries, vegetable canning manufacturers, sauce producers, ready-made meal producers, and other food industries that require a high-capacity automatic filling system. Depending on its configuration, it can be used with liquid, semi-liquid, and viscous products, such as sauces, purees, creams, pastes, tomato products, and food preparations. Machine available for inspection. Additional technical information, dimensions, additional photographs, or videos can be provided upon request. Bsdpfx Acezw At Eenell

Condition: excellent (used), HEMA TD3/1 – Automatic Volumetric Piston Filling Machine The HEMA TD3/1 is an automatic piston filling machine designed for the precise volumetric dosing and filling of food products into containers within continuous production lines. The machine uses volumetric piston filling technology, which is particularly suitable for achieving controlled and uniform dosing of liquid, semi-liquid, and high-viscosity products, depending on the installed configuration. Equipped with a large stainless steel product hopper, an automatic container handling system, and an integrated conveyor, the HEMA TD3/1 offers a robust solution for industrial automatic filling applications. MAIN FEATURES -Manufacturer: HEMA -Model: TD3/1 -Type: Automatic piston filling machine -System: Volumetric piston filling -Automatic product dosing -Stainless steel feed hopper -Automatic container feeding and positioning -Integrated conveyor -Product contact areas in stainless steel -Control panel for the operator -Robust industrial construction -Designed for continuous production -Integrable into filling, closing, and packaging lines APPLICATION The HEMA TD3/1 is designed to automatically dispense a controlled volume of product into the containers as they pass through the filling line. The product is fed from the top hopper to the volumetric dosing system. The containers are automatically transported and positioned at the filling station, where the required amount is dispensed before continuing to the next stage of the process. The piston dosing system is particularly suitable for applications that require precision and consistency in filling volume. It can be integrated with: Container feeders Can and jar conveyors Capping and sealing machines Can sealers Lid feeders Weight checkers Inspection equipment Labeling and coding machines Packaging and end-of-line equipment APPLICATIONS Bsdpfx Acjzw Atrjnoll Particularly suitable for canneries, food manufacturers, sauce producers, and prepared food companies that require an automatic volumetric filling system. Depending on its configuration, it can be used with sauces, creams, purees, pastes, tomato products, fillings, condiments, and other liquid, semi-liquid, or viscous products. Machine available for inspection. Additional technical information, dimensions, additional photographs, or videos can be provided upon request.

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2019, operating hours: 2,758 h, Equipment: all wheel drive, Wacker Neuson DV60 Dual View dumper, manufactured in 2019, with only 2,758 operating hours! ----* Manufacturer: Wacker Neuson * Type: DV60 * Year of manufacture: 2019 * Operating hours: approx. 2,758 * Operating weight: 4,733 kg * Payload: 6,000 kg * Rotating dump bed * Air conditioning (A/C) * Rotating dump bed * 1st owner * Central lubrication system * Dual View (rotating driver's seat) Blsdpfjzwzkcox Acnjl * Deutz diesel engine * Good condition! * More photos and video available upon request (WhatsApp) * Price: 32,900 euros, net + 19% VAT ----For further questions, please call: Erik Kortum: WhatsApp Kai Kortum: WhatsApp All information is provided without guarantee, errors and prior sale excepted.

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2009, operating hours: 73,000 h, functionality: fully functional, power: 75 kW (101.97 HP), pressure (min.): 4 bar, pressure (max.): 10 bar, ambient temperature (max.): 46 °C, type of cooling: air, Equipment: documentation/manual, type plate available, Product description: GA75P A 10 APB 400 50 Product number: 00000402 | 8152811462 Date of manufacture: 09/30/2009 Model: GA75_08 Product description: GA 75 Brand: Atlas Copco Cooling: Air-cooled (AIR) Electrical approval: IEC (IEC) Energy recovery: Yes (Y) Frequency: 50 Hz (50HZ) Model variant: Workplace (W) Pressure Vessel Approval: CE / ASME (CEASME) Regulation: Elektronikon Graphic (MK5GRAPH) Starter type: Star/Delta (Y/D) (YD) Supply voltage: 400 V (400V) Working pressure: 10 bar (10BAR) Ex works with integrated heat recovery. Bodszvqp Sepfx Acnsll Current operating hours: approx. 73,000 hours Used machine, sold as is, without warranty.

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2015, operating hours: 49,800 h, functionality: fully functional, power: 75 kW (101.97 HP), pressure (min.): 4 bar, pressure (max.): 9.8 bar, ambient temperature (max.): 46 °C, type of cooling: air, Equipment: documentation/manual, refrigerant dryer, type plate available, Product description: GA75FF A 10 APB 400 50 Product number: 0000090580 | 00000502 | 8153587723 Date of manufacture: 19/03/2015 Model: GA75_12 Product description: GA 75 Brand: Atlas Copco Blsdpfxjzvqpfe Acnol Air receiver mounted / Floor mounted (N) Brand: Atlas Copco (01ATLAS_CO) Commercial power: 75 kW (75KW) Cooling: Air cooled (AIR) Electrical approval: IEC (IEC) Element family: Oil Injected Screw (OIS) Energy recovery: Yes (Y) Frequency: 50 Hz (50HZ) Integrated dryer: Yes (Y) Mk5 expansion module: Yes (Y) Model variant: Workplace Full Feature (W_FF) Pressure vessel approval: CE / ASME (CEASME) Product company: API (API) Regulation: Elektronikon standard (MK5STD) Starter type: Star/Delta (Y/D) (YD) Supply voltage: 400 V (400V) Working pressure: 10 bar (10BAR) Ex works, the machine is already equipped with the following special equipment: - Integrated refrigerant dryer - Integrated heat recovery - Expansion module Current operating hours: approx. 49,800 hours Used machine, sold as is, without warranty.

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2004, Technical details: length: 6006 mm width: 2440 mm height: 2590 mm motor power: 22 kw sound level: 66 dB(A) rated capacity: 22 KW operating pressure: 8.0 bar revolutions per minute of the motor:: 2.945 U/min temperature range: 3 - 45 °C weight of the machine ca.: Auf Anfrage t 20-foot container Bledsyx Tnrjpfx Acnol Compressor station – sound-insulated container with 2 compressor units 2 units SPX Hankison GmbH Type HHL 450 – a compressed air adsorption dryer (desiccant air dryer) for industrial compressed air systems. It is used to remove moisture from compressed air to prevent corrosion or freezing in machines, valves, or pneumatic systems. SPX Hankison HHL 450 Manufacturer: SPX Hankison Type: HHL 450 Design: Heatless desiccant dryer Max. operating pressure: 16 bar Connection: 2" NPT Series: HHL / HHS / HHE compressed air dryers These units operate with desiccant material (adsorption granulate) that binds water vapor from the compressed air. *

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2003, Screw compressor, compressor, compressed air unit, stationary compressed air compressor -Handover in its current condition as inspected -defective, not functioning, problem: frequency converter does not communicate with the software -Delivery rate: 3.2-6.9 m³/min -Engine power: 18-24 kW -Structure: encapsulated -Max. pressure: 12.75 bar -Operating hours: 108252 h -Load hours: 30754 h -Year of manufacture: 2003 Bljdpfxohabk De Acnsl -Dimensions: 1850/850/H1900 mm -Weight: 592 kg

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 1997, functionality: fully functional, OIL-FREE AIR COMPRESSOR Designed to supply oil-free compressed air for low-pressure industrial applications. TECHNICAL DATA Maximum working pressure: 3.5 bar(g) Typical operating pressure: 3.2 bar Input power: 168 / 187 kW Blodpfozvllnex Acnol Shaft speed: 2,220 / 3,570 rpm Approximate dimensions (L × W × H): 3,000 × 1,600 × 2,000 mm Approximate weight: 4,000 kg Serial number: AIF042384

Condition: like new (used), Year of manufacture: 2023 Type: SMART 7 Serial number: 202210301 Operating hours: 1,160 h Load hours: 452 h Pressure: 7.5 bar Flow rate: 1,060 l/min Connection: 7.5 kW Pressure vessel Pressure: 13.8 bar Temperature: 0 to 150°C Blsdpozwxp Asfx Acnel Condition: as new Weight: 240 kg Dimensions: 900 x 600 x 1,040 mm

Condition: like new (used), Year of construction: 2020, operating hours: 500 h, functionality: fully functional, total length: 2,000 mm, total width: 800 mm, total height: 1,850 mm, power: 15 kW (20.39 HP), volume flow: 147.6 m³/h, operating pressure: 8 bar, noise level: 73 dB, Equipment: refrigerant dryer, We are offering this Champion FM15 screw compressor in like-new condition, manufactured in 2020. Bodpfx Acozwxnlenell Manufacturer: Champion Model: FM15 Year of manufacture: 2020 Less than 500 operating hours. Engine power: 15 kW Air flow at 8 bar: 2460 liters/minute Noise level: 73 dB(A) Pressure tank: 500 l Dimensions: 2000x800x1850 mm DRYTEC MDD-100 air dryer with approximately 1000 operating hours. If you have any further questions or require more information, please feel free to send us a message or call us.

Condition: like new (used), Year of construction: 2014, operating hours: 2 h, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 1058, overall weight: 7,000 kg, total length: 3,706 mm, total width: 2,276 mm, total height: 2,360 mm, power: 315 kW (428.28 HP), volume flow: 2,382 m³/h, operating pressure: 15 bar, pressure (min.): 4 bar, pressure (max.): 15 bar, noise level: 79 dB, type of cooling: air, Equipment: compressor, documentation/manual, type plate available, Kaeser FSD571SFC, 315kW Variable speed drive screw compressor, purchased and installed in 2014, the machines were never commissioned or used, so have only 2 hours manufacturers hours use. Can be viewed running in our facility in York UK prior to purchase Bodpfx Acezww H Tenell

Condition: like new (used), TECHMI 10-Piston Automatic Filler – Stainless Steel TECHMI automatic filler with 10 pistons, designed for precise and continuous dosing and filling of liquid, semi-liquid, and viscous products in industrial production lines. The machine is equipped with 10 pistons/filling nozzles, allowing multiple containers to be filled simultaneously in each production cycle, offering an efficient solution for medium to high production industrial processes. Primarily manufactured in stainless steel, it incorporates an in-line container conveyor, a protected filling area, and a control panel for the operator. MAIN FEATURES -Manufacturer: TECHMI -Type: Automatic piston filler -Number of filling pistons: 10 -Multi-nozzle configuration -Automatic volumetric filling system -Simultaneous dosing of multiple containers -Integrated container conveyor -Automatic positioning under the nozzles -Stainless steel construction -Closed filling area with safety guards -Integrated control panel / HMI -Adjustable filling system -Designed for continuous industrial production -Integrable into automatic filling and packaging lines APPLICATION The TECHMI filler is designed for automatic volumetric dosing using a 10-piston system. The containers are automatically transported to the filling area and positioned under the nozzles. The piston system dispenses a controlled amount of product into several containers simultaneously before transferring them to the next stage of the line. The piston filling technology is particularly suitable for products that require controlled volumetric dosing, including products with higher viscosity or consistency than those typically processed by gravity filling systems. It can be integrated with: Container feeding systems Bottle and jar conveyors Capping and sealing machines Cap feeders Weight checkers Metal detectors and inspection equipment Labeling and coding equipment Stacking and end-of-line systems APPLICATIONS A solution especially suitable for food manufacturers, sauce and condiment producers, canning companies, and packaging companies that require an automatic multi-head volumetric filling system. Depending on its configuration, it can work with sauces, creams, purees, pastes, jams, tomato-based products, condiments, and other liquid or viscous products. The 10-piston configuration allows for the simultaneous filling of multiple containers, making it particularly interesting for industrial lines that require automated and repetitive dosing. Machine available for inspection. Bjdpfx Acozwwa Tjnjll Additional technical information, dimensions, additional photographs, or videos can be provided upon request.

Condition: good (used), For sale: - Injection molding machine, EPS pre-expander, automatic line for EPS (expanded polystyrene) box production – thermo boxes, fish boxes – used, in very good condition. The machine is currently still connected to the installation, which facilitates disassembly and labeling of individual connections for the buyer. - Complete machine, ready for connection to steam installation, EPS granulate transport, electricity, compressed air, and cooling system. - Year of manufacture: 2023 - Configurable mold for the production of EPS thermo boxes and fish boxes, 3 sizes, with or without holes, with lids – total of 6 configurations. Complete boxes with lids are produced in a single cycle – no need to change molds. Bodpfx Asua Dqijcnell - Set includes intellectual property rights to the box and fish box designs – full documentation provided. IMPORTANT! The machine can also be used to produce EPS construction shapes for walls, ceilings, etc. – see examples in one of the photos. We also have other production line components available. Check our other listings. We also have additional equipment for sale such as: - Injection molding machine, EPS pre-expander, automatic line for EPS foundation boards + mold for boards - EPS batch pre-expander - Steam installation: boiler house – machinery - 3 m³ steam tank - Installation for transporting expanded EPS - EPS silos - EPS crusher - Many spare parts Additional photos and information available upon request by email. Option to sell individual components of the set separately.

Condition: as good as new (ex-display), Type: PVXS-180-M-R-ES-0000-000 Part number: 8005062705C010 Design: open-circuit variable-displacement axial piston pump Control: electric displacement control Rotation: clockwise Displacement: maximum 180 cm³/rev Speed: maximum 1,800 rpm Rated pressure: 350 bar Maximum pressure: 420 bar Theoretical flow: maximum approximately 324 l/min Control motor: Georgii Kobold KOD 346-1A MB/S64 Control motor: 0.09 kW, 230/400 V, 1,400 rpm Bledpfx Aezvd S Tecnel Brake: MB3, 2 Nm, 230 V, 15 W Gearbox: SPN Schwaben Präzision GF71 Condition: unused surplus unit, stored in a wooden transport crate

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2003, Overview This high-pressure air compressor was manufactured in 2003 by the Belgian company Ateliers François (AF). The CE68 ASG model is designed to supply compressed air at 40 bar, specifically for PET bottle blowing applications. The compressor is still installed and electrically connected in Germany and is available immediately. Technical data - Free air delivery: 2,100 m³/h (35 m³/min) - Operating pressure: 40 bar - Design pressure (PS): 42 bar - Speed: 480 rpm - Shaft absorbed power: 355 kW - Voltage: 400 V - Year of manufacture: 2003 - Application: PET bottle blowing Scope of delivery Blodpfx Acszvc Nwenol - 1 × High-pressure compressor 40 bar CE68 ASG - 1 × Refrigeration dryer - 1 × Electrical control cabinet Condition - Still installed and electrically connected - Available for inspection on site Availability Immediately available.

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 1988, functionality: fully functional, Stationary reciprocating compressor with a balanced horizontal configuration. Three-stage, double-acting design with intercooler, crossheads and circulating-water cooling. Capacity: 17.88 m³/min. Discharge pressure: 16 bar. Speed: 721 rpm. Crankshaft power input: 199.4 hp. Serial No.: 21968. Bedpezvcfrefx Acnell

Year of construction: 2007, condition: excellent (used), Used Bitzer 4TCS-8.2Y-40P/sn 1672508990, semi-hermetic reciprocating compressor on Freon. Scroll compressor ESH736Y-40S/sn 1072500425, 2 vertical receivers Bitzer FS 152/sn 1172402177 and Bitzer FS 302/sn 1172601712 The system is complete with an oil separator, oil tank and pressure and safety switches/gauges. Year of manufacture 2007. Nominal Pressure 19 bar Output (m3 /hour) 41.33 m³/h Engine power 20.6 kW Volts 400 V Frequency 50 Hz Sound level 74.5 dB(A) Weight 134 kg Condition goo Cooling capacity 21.6 kW Refrigerant R404A Number of cylinders x Diameter x Piston head 4 x 60 mm x 42 mm Intake line 35 mm - 1 3/8" Delivery line 28 mm - 1 1/8" according to the productivity according to the EN12900 standard ▼ tc ► to 5°C 0°C -5°C -10°C -15°C -20°C -25°C -30°C 40°C Q [W] — — 27759 22788 18477 14755 11559 8831 P [kW] 9,86 9,05 8,2 7,34 6,46 5,57 I [A] 16,69 15,43 14,14 12,83 11,52 10,22 45°C Q [W] — — — 20560 16622 13219 10294 7796 P [kW] 9,41 8,47 7,52 6,57 5,6 I [A] 15,99 14,54 13,1 11,67 10,26 50°C Q [W] — — — 18347 14792 11714 9065 6801 P [kW] 9,74 8,71 7,68 6,65 5,61 I [A] 16,5 14,91 13,34 11,8 10,28 Conventions • tc - condensation temperature • to — evaporation temperature • Q [W] - cooling capacity (R404a) • P [kW] - power consumption • I [A] - current Price Euro 2.250 Euro + VAT, negotiable, FCA: Oradea/Romania Irrtum, Anderungen und Zwischenverkauf vorbehalten / Bodpjir E Dnsfx Acnell Subject to errors, changes and prior sale / Ne rezervăm dreptul la greșeli, modificări și vânzare We speak English. /Wir sprechen Deutsch./ Beszélünk magyarul. /Nous parlons français/Vorbim romana

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2007, Motor power: 45kW, max. volumetric flow rate: 140l/s at 8bar, max. operating pressure: 13bar. Documentation available. Inspection by appointment is possible. Bsdpfx Aszwphcocnsll

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2002, PROD. KAESER TYPE CSD102T / 100304.0 S/N 1049 YEAR 2002 POWER (kW) 55 Blsdezwnykepfx Acnel OUTPUT (m3/min) 10.1 PRESSURE (bar) 8 HOURS (RUNNING/TOTAL) FREQUENCY CONVERTER no BUILT-IN DRYER yes HEAT EXCHANGER no COOLED BY (AIR/WATER) air ON TANK no DOCUMENTS no CONNECTION 2 NEW/USED USED

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1997, machine/vehicle number: 971004, functionality: fully functional, input voltage: 230 V, input current: 24 A, input frequency: 50 Hz, type of input current: DC, year of last overhaul: 2026, Equipment: CE marking, 5 C – Schaeffer SH2000-160 Industrial Snap Fastening Machine – Dual Head Semi-Automatic Unit Description: For sale is a Schaeffer industrial snap fastening machine, model SH2000-160, designed for efficient attachment of metal snaps and similar fasteners in garment production. This industrial unit features a dual-head fastening system and semi-automatic operation modes, allowing improved productivity and consistent results compared to manual setups. The machine is equipped with a belt-driven mechanical press system and integrated control panel with selectable operating modes. The machine has been used in a professional garment factory environment and is being sold due to factory closure. Its construction enables stable and repeatable fastening operations, making it suitable for continuous production processes where consistency and efficiency are required. Includes: • Schaeffer SH2000-160 fastening machine • Dual-head fastening system • Integrated motor (Georgii Kobold) • Electrical control panel with operating modes • Hopper feeding capability • Heavy-duty pedestal base • Foot pedal control Technical details: • Manufacturer: Schaeffer GmbH (Germany) • Model: SH2000-160 • Dual-head configuration • Belt-driven mechanical press system • Operating modes: manual / automatic / hopper • Power supply: 3-phase (according to machine plate) Condition: Used industrial condition. Operational prior to factory shutdown. Sold as-is, where-is, without warranty. Blodpsy Aiafefx Acnjl Inspection possible prior to dismantling. Typical applications: • Snap button / press stud attachment • Denim and workwear production • Outerwear manufacturing • Industrial garment production Sales terms: This equipment is sold due to factory closure and is being liquidated directly from production use. Sold as-is, where-is, without warranty. Buyer is responsible for: – ensuring suitability for own materials and production No claims accepted after sale. Removal & transport: Buyer responsible for dismantling and transport. Serviced 27.2.2026. Video in working situation taken 5.3.2026.

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2015, functionality: fully functional, DIESEL ATLAS COPCO XAS 67 Compressor – Serviced! The compressor is registered in Poland. Technical specifications: Capacity: 3.60 m3/min; Operating pressure: 7 Bar; Year of manufacture: 2015; Bljdozwmlrjpfx Acnsl Engine: KUBOTA Operating hours: 1847h! The compressor is fully functional, ready for work, and comes with a warranty. Net price: 32,500 PLN Gross price: 39,975 PLN Below is a link to a video demonstrating the machine in operation.

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2008, volume flow: 1 m³/h, pressure (min.): 10 bar, KAESER AIRCENTER SM 15 screw compressor With a 270-liter pressure tank Equipped with a desiccant dryer 9 kW motor Bodpfezwmgvjx Acnsll Capacity: 1.01 m³/min Pressure: 10 bar

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2001, Atlas Copco SF 15 Oil-Free Scroll Compressor The SF series utilizes scroll technology, which involves no metal-to-metal contact between the compression elements; consequently, absolutely no oil is required in the compression chamber. This makes the system ideal for applications requiring completely clean and oil-free compressed air (e.g., in laboratory, medical, or food processing environments). The three installed scroll compression elements have recently been overhauled or replaced. Bedpfx Acozwmd Uenoll Total operating hours: 15,983 hrs (actual running time of the compressor since 2001). Controller hours: 99,527 hrs (time the control system was powered on). Runtime of individual scroll elements (compression stages) Operating hours Element 1: 735 hrs Operating hours Element 2: 735 hrs Operating hours Element 3: 736 hrs Technical Data: Manufacturer: Atlas Copco Model / Product Type: SF 15 (Oil-Free Air) Serial Number: ATI 502157 Maximum Operating Pressure: 8 bar(e) Free Air Delivery: 24.7 l/s Rated Shaft Power: 14.8 kW Rated Shaft Speed: 1500 rpm Gross Weight: 590 kg Year of Construction: 2001 Control System: Elektronikon (digital display) Length: 1.21 meters Width: 0.96 meters Height: 1.66 meters "A one-stop solution: We would be happy to offer you suitable bank financing for your project." komplett-konzept.leasingo.de You can find more items—new and used—in our shop! International shipping costs on request!

Year of construction: 2018, condition: used, Compressor system Manufacturer: Atlas Copco Type: GA15VSD+FF Year of manufacture: 2018 Technical data Bledpfx Aozu Al Ascnol Note: The technical data and descriptions are copies of the original order confirmation. The information provided is for informational purposes only and is not binding.