Used Under Table Cut Saw Rotatable for sale (36,797)

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2025, functionality: fully functional, power: 7 kW (9.52 HP), input voltage: 400 V, type of input current: three-phase, cutting height (max.): 120 mm, saw blade diameter: 400 mm, tilt adjustment saw blade: 45 °, height adjustment type: electric, actuation type: electric, Equipment: CE marking, saw blade guard, scorer, Efficient and precise cutting with high ease of operation thanks to the electromotive adjustment of the main saw blade (height/angle) and the parallel fence. Powerful motor, speed up to 5,000 rpm, scoring saw speed up to 8,000 rpm. Double roller carriage, the heart of the panel saw, smooth-running and durable. Cutting length max. 3,200 mm Safe operation thanks to proven safety devices. Equipment: Machine frame: Torsionally rigid and self-supporting guarantees the necessary smooth running and stability Control: PLC control Electromotive height adjustment and tilt 0-45° for the main and scoring saw blade via push and hold button. Saw unit: Powerful motors for excellent cutting performance Drive power/speed of the main saw spindle with automatic brake Main saw motor 7 kW, speed adjustment by switching over the drive belt, speeds 5,000 / 4,000 / 3,000 rpm Speed of the scoring saw 8,000 rpm Quick-change system for the main saw blade Saw blade angle is displayed numerically Double roller carriage: Linear, round guide rails ensure a precise and durable system with high-quality cutting results and a long service life Small rollers inside the carriage guarantee smooth sliding during cutting incl. upper carriage locking Carriage length 3,200 mm Parallel fence: max. width 1,250 mm with electromotive adjustment removable fence High-quality work table made of robust sheet steel guarantees high rigidity Safety zone starts approx. 200 mm in front of the saw blade Crosscut fence: Cross position of the panel is displayed numerically with telescopic device for cuts up to 3,100 mm and 90° guarantee Robust, gap-free flap units are easy to move Fence ruler is removable Cutting to length on the crosscut fence on the sliding carriage 3 digital displays with fine adjustment for high repeatability Display up to max. 3,200 mm Extraction: to prevent flying chips and dust protects the operator from hazards Table extension and table widening Design: Clamping shoe, sliding stick, sliding and return handle Miter stop for manual mounting on the sliding carriage Technical data: Main saw: Saw blade diameter 400 mm, speed 3,000/4,000/5,000 rpm, motor 7 kW S1 Scoring saw: Saw blade diameter 120 mm, speed 8,000 rpm, motor 0.75 kW S1 Saw blade tilt 0-45° Max. cutting depth at 45°: 85 mm Max. cutting depth at 90°: 125 mm Parallel fence: max. 1,250 mm Sliding carriage: 3,200 x 418 mm Max. cutting capacity: 3,200 mm Height adjustment: electromotive Angle adjustment: electromotive Table size: 1,020 (690+720) mm Extraction: Diameter 100 mm Space requirement: 6,700 x 3,900 x 1,890 mm Itsdpfx Aez Dwftjhben CE marking in accordance with EU directives including documentation and maintenance instructions Saw blades are not included in the scope of delivery.

Condition: used, The Ulmia 1622 table saw is designed for precise rip and cross cuts in solid timber and wood-based materials. Its robust construction ensures reliable performance in craft workshops and general workshops. Ideal for joinery and general timber and furniture construction. Technical data: - Table size: 560 x 710 mm - Saw blade diameter: max. approx. 300 mm Isdjzryvtopfx Ahbetn - Motor: 1.5 kW

Condition: excellent (used), 4 kW motor, feed unit, cutting height 9 cm, passage height 125 cm, table length 157 cm. Ijdpfxey S U D Uo Ahbstn

Condition: like new (used), Year of construction: 2021, operating hours: 20 h, J. Neu Piccolo EP 150 oscillating panel saw, manufactured in 2021, in like-new condition. The original saw blade is still installed, and the saw has been used for a maximum of 20 hours. Therefore, it is in very good condition! Equipped with infeed and outfeed roller conveyors: 600 cm each. Power: 3.7 kW Saw blade: max. 500 mm (30 mm bore) Cutting height: 150 mm Optionally, a matching dust extraction unit from Holzkraft RLA 140 (manufactured in 2023) can also be purchased (see last picture). Ijdjz It Ewepfx Ahbetn The machine can, of course, be inspected while powered on and thoroughly tested. The sale is to business customers only and excludes any warranty for defects. No guarantee, warranty, or right of return.

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2007, input voltage: 400 V, input frequency: 50 Hz, type of input current: three-phase, cutting width (max.): 1,250 mm, saw blade diameter: 450 mm, tilt adjustment saw blade: 45 °, height adjustment type: electric, – Year of production: 2007 Itedpfx Aeymz Ubohben – Austrian manufacture TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS: – Total power: 7.35 kW – Max. saw blade diameter: 450 mm – Min. saw blade diameter: 250 mm – Scoring blade diameter: 125 mm – Pro Gline carriage guides – Carriage length: 2,800 mm – Fence with two stops – Cutting width to the right: 1,250 mm – Three spindle speeds: 3,500 / 4,500 / 5,500 RPM – Main motor power: 5.5 kW – Electric height adjustment of cut – Electric angle adjustment of cut – Electric setting of cutting width on the right side – Automatic scoring unit advance – Extraction port diameters: 100 mm and 120 mm Transport dimensions: – Length: 290 cm – Width: 230 cm – Height: 180 cm – Weight: approx. 1,000 kg

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2017, Code: 0498 Brand: ALTENDORF Model: START 45 - CE Standard Panel saw with tilting blade and scoring unit for precision cutting of panels, joinery, furniture, bespoke fittings, kitchens, doors, window and door frames, plastics, aluminium and various other materials – CE Standard – Year 2017 Technical data: Aluminium carriage length 3200 mm Max blade diameter mm 315 Hole 30 Iodpez S Ik Rofx Ahbstn Max cutting height mm 100 Manual blade lifting and tilting Scoring unit diameter mm 120 Hole 20 Parallel guide width mm 1300 Blade guard Guide for mitre cuts Worktable height mm 885 Suction inlet diameter mm 100 Overall dimensions of assembled machine mm 3400 x 3350 x 1050 h Overall dimensions for transport mm 3400 x 2000 x 1050 h Weight kg 750

Condition: used, Rema DMGB-35 double cross-cut saw, including an outfeed conveyor belt, for cross-cutting timber on both sides. This machine was specifically used for cutting doors to size. In its current condition, the cutting length is limited to 1,000 mm, but this can be extended. Technical data: - Belt length: approx. 1,700 mm + 2,700 mm - Cutting width: max. 2,500 mm - Cutting height: max. approx. 80 mm Itodezryuvspfx Ahben

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1993, machine/vehicle number: 93-11-247, functionality: fully functional, input voltage: 400 V, input frequency: 50 Hz, type of input current: three-phase, tilt adjustment saw blade: 45 °, height adjustment type: mechanical, rotational speed (max.): 4,000 rpm, Fully functional machine from a plastics/wood processing company. In good condition. Machine is available from calendar week 50/2026. Itedpfx Ahjz Ngt Ssbsn

Condition: excellent (used), Panel Beam Saw - With rear lifting table Numerical Control POWER CONTROL Software CADmatic 4 Professional Outside Rollers table for pre-loading (mm 5600 x 2200) Lifting scissor table (mm) 5600 x 2200 Rear pusher with 13 clamps / grippers (1 x Power Concept / Twin Pusher) With clamps / grippers - RETENTION DEVICE FOR THIN PANELS (Minimum thickness 3 mm) Turning device (rotating unit) at 90° Max. cutting width (mm) 5600 - Useful stroke of the pushing system (mm) 5600 Max blade projection (mm) 130 Scoring Unit (max saw diameter / power) mm 200 / Kw 2,2 Main Sawing Unit (max saw diameter / power) mm 480 / Kw 30 Adjustable speed of the saw carriage (m/min) 1 - 150 N° 5 Front supporting tables with Air blowing system Ijdszl S Nfjpfx Ahbjtn OPTION: Printer for labels - PICA

Condition: excellent (used), Catalog number 7807 TECHNICAL DATA - track width 350mm - cutting width 350mm - blade diameter from 355 to 505mm - cutting height 10-170mm - spindle diameter 80mm - table dimensions 1900x790mm - height from base to table 830mm - top - 2 rows of pawls/ejectors - 2 smooth, metal feed rollers - saw arbour - 2 feed rollers, pressure rollers - bottom - guide strip - pawls/ejectors - track - electric height adjustment of the machine body - central lubrication - stepless speed adjustment via frequency inverter - feed motor 4kW - main motor 75kW - dust extraction nozzle diameter 2x150mm - overall dimensions L/W/H 2050x1800x1800mm - weight approximately 3500kg Isdpezwwvzefx Ahbetn ADVANTAGES - German-made - DTR documentation available - used multi-blade saw - very good condition Net price: 58900 PLN Net price: 13700 EUR, depending on the exchange rate of 4.30 EUR (Prices may change due to significant fluctuations)

Condition: excellent (used), Horizontal Panel Beam Saw - With rear lifting table Numerical Control MCS Evolution Software SIEMENS WinAC RTX Outside Roller table for pre-loading (mm 5600 x 2200) + Pre-Loading Buffer Lifting table (mm) 4300 x 2200 Turning device (rotating unit) at 90° No. 2 Rear pushers (one with clamps / grippers) Twin Pusher - DUPLUS2 No. 12 clamps / grippers Max. cutting width (mm) 4300 Useful stroke of the pushing system (mm) 4300 Iedpfjt Ah Niox Ahbjtn Max blade projection (mm) 145 Max clamps opening (mm) 150 Scoring Unit (max saw diameter / power) 200 mm Main Sawing Unit (max saw diameter / power) 480 mm - Kw 27 Adjustable speed of the saw carriage (m/min) 6 - 150 Front supporting tables with Air blowing system (N.) 4 Total power (Kw) 42 (ca.) OPTIONAL: Optimisation software: HPO

Condition: used, total length: 1,850 mm, total width: 1,050 mm, total height: 1,400 mm, Colour: Grey Weight: 500 kg Pulp saw Harwi 130 45 degrees  5,5kW - Documentation available: No - CE certificate present: No - Serial number: 130 S - Main motor power [kW]: 5.5 - Arbor saw blade diameter [mm]: 30 - Min. saw blade diameter [mm]: 400 - Max. saw blade diameter [mm]: 450 - Table length [mm]: 1500 - Table width [mm]: 1050 - Min. adjustable angle [°]: 0 - Max. adjustable angle [°]: 45 Iedpfezrm S Ijx Ahbstn - Voltage [V]: 400 - Current consumption [A]: 8.5 - Fuse [A]: 16 - Power [kW]: 7.3 - Transport dimensions: 1850mm x 1050mm x 1400mm (l x w x h) - Transport weight [kg]: 500kg - Transport packages [pcs.]: 1 Financial information VAT: The price shown is exclusive of VAT VAT/margin: VAT deductible for entrepreneurs Delivery and trade-in always possible for everything in the industrial sectors Yorick Diebels

Condition: used, Max. saw blade diameter: 450 mm Motor power: 7.5 kW Max. cutting width: 800 mm Saw head: swiveling 45° Carriage length: 5000 mm Saw blade bore: 30 mm Control panel: located at the bottom of the machine housing Height adjustment: hydraulic, via foot lever Swivel adjustment: hydraulic, via foot lever Swivel angle indicator: scale Cutting width indicator: scale Rip cutting length at the crosscut fence: 3200 mm Crosscut fence indicator: scale Crosscut fence design: fixed 90° PSV safety guard: Yes Itodpfxsz H Txhe Ahbsn Storage location: Nattheim

Condition: used, Dimter OptiCut 700 automatic optimising cross-cut saw (sliding saw) for cutting very wide timber to size according to defects (marked with fluorescent chalk) and length. Itodpozryvaefx Ahbjn Technical data: - Cutting height: max. 120 mm - Feed length: max. 5,500 mm - Cutting width: max. 700 mm - Saw blade diameter: max. 700 mm

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1990, machine/vehicle number: 90-10-175, functionality: fully functional, power: 7.5 kW (10.20 HP), input voltage: 380 V, saw blade diameter: 450 mm, height adjustment type: mechanical, actuation type: manual, Equipment: saw blade guard, Altendorf table saw, model F-90, as shown in the photo. Year of manufacture: 1990. The saw is being sold because it has been replaced by a new one. It is still in perfect working order. It will be transported on a wooden pallet and can be loaded onto a truck using a forklift on site. Sold as is, no warranty. Isdjzq Srqspfx Ahbotn

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2017, functionality: fully functional, Automatic optimizing miter saw with complete optimization – TR-450 MATRIX - Motor power: 4.0 kW - Blade diameter: 450 x 30 mm, Z=72 - Cutting capacity according to cutting diagram - Cutting capacity: 95 x 265 mm - Cutting capacity: 85 x 277 mm - Cutting capacity: 60 x 290 mm - Cutting capacity: 40 x 310 mm - Cutting capacity: 25 x 330 mm - Cutting cycle: 4 seconds - Pneumatically controlled cutting head - Work table tilted by 8° - Minimum workpiece thickness: 10 mm Itjdpez Dp Imofx Ahbsn - Safety guard on the cutting head

Condition: excellent (used), Panel Beam Saw - With rear lifting table Numerical Control POWER CONTROL V2.1 (Power TOUCH) Software CADmatic 5 Itsdpfozxn Ecsx Ahbsn Cross-chains for transporting panel packs in the lifting table Lifting scissor table (mm) 4300 x 1600 Rear pushers (N.) 1 with clamps / grippers 12 Turning device (rotating unit) at 90° Max. cutting width (mm) 4300 - Useful stroke of the pushing system (mm) 4300 Max blade projection (mm) 125 Scoring Unit (max saw diameter / power) mm 180 / Kw 2,2 Main Sawing Unit (max saw diameter / power) mm 450 / Kw 28 Adjustable speed of the saw carriage (m/min) 1 - 150 Front supporting tables with Air blowing system (N.) 4 (3 x 2160mm x 650mm + 1 x 2160mm x 800mm) Total power (Kw) OPTIONAL: 200062) Automatic unloading system for cut panels and stacking system AUTOMATECH ROBOTECH with Robot KUKA Mod. KR 470-2 PA

Condition: as good as new (ex-display), Year of construction: 2025, functionality: fully functional, power: 5.5 kW (7.48 HP), input voltage: 400 V, input frequency: 50 Hz, type of input current: three-phase, cutting height (max.): 155 mm, cutting width (max.): 1,350 mm, saw blade diameter: 450 mm, tilt adjustment saw blade: 46 °, height adjustment type: electric, saw blade bore: 30 mm, actuation type: electric, rotational speed (max.): 5,000 rpm, rotational speed (min.): 1,000 rpm, total length: 3,300 mm, total width: 1,985 mm, total height: 1,510 mm, overall weight: 1,100 kg, table height: 900 mm, Equipment: documentation/manual, rotational speed infinitely variable, saw blade guard, • Smooth-running saw blade • Cutting width 1350 mm • Precisely operating crosscut table, length 3.3 m • Easy-to-use parallel guide • 7'' touchscreen control panel Iodszvdwpepfx Ahbjtn • Modern SynchroDrive drive technology • Handwheel for positioning the parallel guide • Guide plate holder • Electronic preparation for retrofitting a scoring unit • Standard cross table for length stop for miter cuts up to approximately ± 47° • Table extension at the rear 700 x 855 mm – standard • Weight approximately 1,100 – 1,400 kg

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2015, Equipment: CE marking, saw blade guard, scorer, Circular saw with 3.200 mm cutting lenght and electrical up/down and tilt movement of blade. One owner machine! The machine is in good condition. Normal wear of use. Data: Cutting lenght: 3.200 mm. Cutting width: 1.300 mm. Max size sawblade: Ø 350 mm 0-45 degrees tilt. 5,5 kW / 7,5 hk motor. 400V, 50 hz. The machine is packed and ready for shipment. We ship all over Europe. Iodsz Egi Depfx Ahbjtn

Condition: new, cutting width max. 310 mm Cutting height max. 125 mm Saw blade diameter 500 mm Motor output 5,5 kW Speed 2.800 U/min. Required air-pressure 6-8 bar Working height 900 +/- 20 mm Dimensions (L/W/H) 10645x1000x1300 mm SALVAMAC COMBO 500 – The semi-automatic miter saw with SALVASTOP 100 - electronic length stop/slider ----- - Pos. 1: Legend 500 under table miter saw ----- - Maximum cutting area: 220x125/ 260x100/285x80/310x50 mm. When cutting boards that are on top of each other, h max. 100 mm. The structure is made entirely of thick-walled and reinforced full-surface painted steel. Solid floor mounting system with flanged steel feet for the mounting hole. Bimanual safety cut control in ergonomic position. Motor power of the saw motor 5.5 kW. Adjustable cutting speed via a pneumatic controller. Maximum system for weight balancing and longevity. Shock absorbing system. Independent pneumatic adjustment options to adapt to different types of processing. Durable and easily replaceable saw blade adjustment bar. HM circular saw blade, diameter 500 mm, Z=108. Pneumatic upper workpiece clamping press with electro-pneumatic control. Presser movement system using new ball bearings with double dust protection and automatic lubrication system. CE compliant electrical system. The CE models must come standard with at least 1 meter long support plates at the inlet and outlet. Technical specifications: Itodpfxjvu Hd To Ahben ----- Saw cross-section max. mm. 220x125, 260x100, 285x80, 310x50 Saw blade motor power: 5.5 kW Saw blade diameter: 500 mm Saw blade type: HM Z=108 Saw blade rotation speed: 2800 rpm Air consumption per cycle: 7 Nl Intake manifold: 1 - 120 mm / 1 - 100 mm Air pressure: 6 - 8 bar Voltage: V 400/50Hz 3-phase Worktop height: 900 mm +- 20 mm Colour: Ral 7035 - Ral 1007 Pos. 2: Salvastop 100 electronic length stop ----- - - Working method: 2 modes 1 x stop (length stop moves to the specified length) and 1 x slide (several lengths are processed one after the other at the push of a button) - with servo drive - Ram speed: up to 60 m/min - slider length 600 mm - with a 7'' touch display - maximum weight of logs that can be pushed - up to 100 kg - USB connection COMBO_500 - 6400/7000 - Roller conveyor with guide to the right of the saw. Painted steel frame with galvanized castors. Load capacity 230 kg, diameter 60 mm, spacing 250 mm, width 320 mm. 3 m. - 6400/7000 SalvaStop 100 to the left of the saw. Working length 6.4 m. Total length 7.0 m. With table top 7 m. Width 320 mm. Demonstration machine additionally equipped with: UP & DOWN FRONT PROTECTION Movable instead of rigid front protection. The guard rises during cutting to ensure safe working conditions. Loading and unloading wood is simplified with the downward-facing guard. The system has another special, secured pneumatic system with linear guidance, which impresses with top quality and cutting-edge technology. SOFTWARE LINK FILES Preparation for data import via a Salvamac file template in CSV format. ----- Total price demonstration machine from stock 73447 Oberkochen: on request! ----- More options like longer/shorter inlet/outlet, Stop systems on re...

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2007, Panel dividing saw Manufacturer: HolzHer Type: 6310 CUT 110 Year of manufacture: 2007 Technical data - Cutting length: 4250 mm - Cutting width: 5250 mm / reduced by 2550 mm to 2700 mm - Display on the right - Cut Control control system with touch screen operation - Angle pressing device on the right - Saw carriage with main/scoring saw control - Power: 18.5 kW / 2.2 kW - Manual adjustment of scoring saws in width and height - Grooving device with 2 groove height settings (groove depth adjustable from 2-12 mm, up to max. 9-19 mm) - Label printer TLP2742 - Cut-out device - Additional blowing device on the saw carriage - 3 additional support tables, 2400 mm, with drive system - Control cabinet on the machine side including speed monitoring with safety shutdown - Postforming unit including scoring unit - Automatic central lubrication - Closed pressure beam - Film cutting device Optional, at an extra charge: Extraction system Manufacturer: AL-KO Type: POWER UNIT 300P Year of manufacture: 2011 Technical data Isdpszuy Nlefx Ahbstn - V = 5089 m³/h - Vacuum: 2050 pA - Motor power: 7.5 kW - Suction nozzle 300 mm - 3 collection containers, 250 l each - Integrated extinguishing system Note: The technical data and descriptions are copies of the original order confirmation. The information is for informational purposes only and is not binding.

Condition: used, power: 5.5 kW (7.48 HP), cutting width (max.): 1,250 mm, saw blade diameter: 450 mm, tilt adjustment saw blade: 45 °, rotational speed (max.): 6,500 rpm, rotational speed (min.): 4,000 rpm, total length: 2,700 mm, total width: 2,000 mm, total height: 1,700 mm, overall weight: 800 kg, No. 3277 Sliding table saw Panhans 684 Used Sliding table length 2600 mm Cutting width 1250 mm Max. saw blade diameter 450 mm Motor power 5.5 kW Speeds 4000 / 5000 / 6500 rpm Manual saw blade tilting 0° - 45° Manual cutting height adjustment Mitre fence on the sliding table Cross-cut table approx. 1400 x 650 mm LW Cross-cut fence extendable up to 3200 mm Mobile machine base Transport dimensions approx. 2700 x 2000 x 1700 mm LWH Weight approx. 800 kg Sale on behalf of customer, ex location near 73433 Aalen, without dismantling, without transport and assembly Dismantling, loading, and transport by us optionally available Subject to errors in the description and price To avoid possible misunderstandings, an on-site inspection by appointment is possible and recommended Sold as is Technical specifications, condition description, year of construction and scope of delivery according to manufacturer’s brochure or previous owner, without guarantee Subject to prior sale For used machines, any warranty is excluded, the following applies: “sold as seen” Photos and videos serve as examples and do not represent the actual scope of delivery Payment terms: Prices plus VAT, payment before collection or shipment Itodpjzcc R Njfx Ahben Delivery terms: ex location

Condition: excellent (used), CATALOGUE NUMBER: 7949 Technical data: - track width: 380mm - arbor width: 420mm - max. blade diameter: 400mm - blade bore diameter: 80mm - max. cutting height: 120mm - table width with clearance: 1060mm - table length: 2050mm - from above: - row of pawls/feed rollers - metal sliding pressure roller - feed rollers - 2 metal sliding rollers - pressure device - arbor with saw blades - 3 metal sliding pressure rollers - from below: - guide - feed rollers - track - stepless feed speed adjustment - feed motor: 1.5kW - main motor: 30kW - central track lubrication - dust extraction port diameter: 250mm - roller tables: 2 units - I table length: 3500/800mm - II table length: 2550/800mm - roller width: 700mm - table height: 950mm - overall dimensions (L/W/H): 2950x2000x200mm - weight: approximately 3000kg Advantages: - German-made - 2 roller tables Iedpezkuawjfx Ahbstn - multi-blade saw, used - very good condition Net price: 32900 PLN Net price: 7651 EUR Net price calculated according to the exchange rate of 4.30 PLN/EUR (price may be subject to change in case of significant exchange rate fluctuations)

Condition: excellent (used), Horizontal Panel Beam Saw - With rear lifting table Numerical Control MCS Evolution Software Lifting table (mm) 4300 x 2200 No. 2 Rear pushers (one with clamps / grippers) No. 8 clamps / grippers Iodpfx Aoq Rffishbotn Max. cutting width (mm) 4200 Useful stroke of the pushing system (mm) 4200 Max blade projection (mm) 135 Max clamps opening (mm) 125 Scoring Unit (max saw diameter / power) 200 mm Main Sawing Unit (max saw diameter / power) 460 mm - Kw 21 Adjustable speed of the saw carriage (m/min) 6 - 150 Front Turning table (rotating at 90°) with air blowing system (mm 2100 x 4100) Total power (Kw) 36 (ca.)

Condition: excellent (used), CATALOGUE NUMBER 7065 Ijdpfjzulu Tsx Ahbotn TECHNICAL DATA - max. blade diameter 300mm - spindle diameter 30mm - 2 blade guards - pneumatic cutting (blade movement up/down) - sawing units adjustable at a 45° angle - manual adjustment of the sawing unit spacing - min. cutting length at 90° 220mm - max. cutting length at 90° 2820mm - cutting width 110mm - cutting height at 90 degrees 90mm - 2 pneumatic clamping devices - control pedal - material support - main motor 2 × 1.6kW - dimensions (L/W/H) 3620x1100x1250mm - weight approximately 500kg - unpainted - tilting sawing units - used saw, very good condition Net price: 13900 PLN Net price: 3233 EUR, depending on the exchange rate of 4.30 EUR (Prices are subject to change due to significant fluctuations)