Used K1 Joinery Machine for sale (65,566)

Condition: used, machine/vehicle number: 008495, X axis working area: 4175 mm Y axis working area: 1550 mm Working Table: Pod and Rail Main Electrospindle power: 11 KW Number of controlled axes: 4 axes Maximum edge height: 45 mm Total number of drilling spindles: 21 Total number of tool changer positions: 12 Pgjdpfsy Edqqjx Amror

Condition: used, functionality: fully functional, In this listing, you are purchasing a second-hand large-format system/plotter, the “Oce ColorWave 3500” Item for sale: 1 x Oce ColorWave 3500 Meter readings: Total: Approx. 1,850 m² Condition: This listing is for a second-hand device, which may show signs of wear (minor scratches or discolouration). The device has been tested to ensure it is in working order. A test print can be seen in the photo. Packaging and dispatch: You are welcome to view the device during our business hours. Please arrange an appointment to do so! Seaworthy packaging and worldwide dispatch available on request! A functional test will be recorded on video for you prior to dispatch or collection. Psdpfxjzvpl Sj Amrjgr For further information, you are of course welcome to contact us directly.

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2010, Immediately available ex location: CNC bed milling machine Wagner Type WBE 1300 R Pgjdjzwufgspfx Amrsr Year of manufacture: 2010 Siemens Sinumerik 810 D Table 1500 x 400 mm Travel X/Y/Z: 1300/500/570 mm SK 40 Automatic tool clamping Drive power 12/9 kW Spindle speeds 60 – 8,000 rpm Electronic handwheel Ball screw Vice Various tool holders Weight 4 t Price: EUR 5,500 plus VAT ex location

Year of construction: 2018, condition: excellent (used), functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 18387, For sale is a flake ice machine from the company Higel. Type: HEC 141 EB11 Year of manufacture: 2018 The machine is in very good condition and ready for immediate use. Capacity: approx. 135 kg / 24 hours Refrigerant: R 449 A Pgjdezwum Ropfx Amrjr

Condition: used, functionality: fully functional, This offer is for a used ‘Xerox iGen 5 Press’ colour production system Items for sale: 1 x Xerox iGen 5 Press with the following specifications: Psdpfx Aey Dfclomrjgr Includes FreeFlow Print Server Includes 2 x YVC-2 paper decks Includes YVC-3 finisher Includes 5th colour (orange) Not the right configuration? It is no problem to configure the machine to your requirements. Please feel free to contact us! Meter readings: Total: Approx. 15,719,744 pages Condition: This offer is for a used machine, which may show signs of wear (minor scratches or yellowing). The device has been tested for functionality A test printout can be seen in the photo Packaging and shipping: You are welcome to view the device during our business hours. Please arrange an appointment for this! Seaworthy packaging and worldwide shipping available on request! A functional test will be recorded on video for you prior to dispatch or collection. For further information, you are of course welcome to contact us directly.

Year of construction: 2023, operating hours: 5,027 h, condition: excellent (used), functionality: fully functional, Equipment: documentation/manual, We are offering this very well-maintained Halter CNC Automation Millstacker Premium 25 handling robot for CNC milling machines, year of manufacture 2023, with very low operating hours. Custom modifications deviating from the standard model that were carried out for us: 1. An individual deposit position (in our case, onto a chute into a water bath) was added as an option. This setup also allows all 12 stacking positions to be loaded with raw parts—whereas when depositing onto the table, only 11 stacking positions can be loaded with raw parts. 2. Customized adjustment of the angular alignment in the magazine. As a result, longer/larger parts can also be placed lengthwise between the bars when diagonal placement is no longer possible. 3. An additional set of longer support bars was manufactured to securely position larger parts. If you have any questions or require more information, please feel free to send us a message or call us. Pedpfx Aoy Nmmiemrogr

Condition: used, Surface Grinding Machine ERNAULT SOMUA FU 660 Travel X: 660 mm Psdpfx Aezwxf Rjmrogr Travel Y: 400 mm Travel Z: 400 mm Magnetic chuck BRAILLON 700 x 300 mm Grinding wheel: Ø 355 mm Motor power: 7,5 CV Swivel head Automatic diamond cutting Auto stepover X - Y - Z Lubricant tank Hydraulic Group Voltage: 220 V Tri Length: 2900 mm Depth: 2000 mm Total height: 2200 mm Weight: approx 4,5 T

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2020, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: HB32-305, Hydromat HB32/16, double cycle, year of manufacture 2020, location: LOGA Präzisionsteile GmbH, Himmelreich 4-6, 78554 Aldingen. Control: Bosch MTX, HME operating interface Coolant system: Knoll (oil), vacuum rotary filter, low-pressure and high-pressure pumps for internal tool cooling Machine table with 8 collet chucks and 8 two-jaw chucks 1x Stäubli robot for transferring workpieces from the first to the second clamping position 1x loading magazine, 4.2m 1x VE 40/80 sawing unit 8x feed units: VE 36/100 or VE 35/60 5x CNC 50/100 turning units 2x 3-axis CNC milling units Nordmann tool monitoring Pickup conditions: Podpfx Amsy Nkhdjrogr The machine base measures approximately 4 meters in length, 3 meters in height, and 2.5 meters in width. The weight is approx. 6 tons. The other components are demountable. The hall is very spacious. There is no crane runway; a forklift is required for disassembly. No forklift is available on site! The aisles are 3 meters wide. There is a large roller gate, and trucks can drive directly up to, or even through, the gate for loading.

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2012, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 111, Ceetec IP250 industrial painting machine for painting, varnishing, oiling or lacquering of mouldings, claddings, deckings etc. Industry model, robust heavy duty machine for daily production. Maximum work piece cross section 100x250mm. Production speed up to 150 m/min. Including infeed and outfeed roller conveyors (manual). Pedpjwa D N Nefx Amrsgr Very good condition. New price ca 30 000€

Condition: refurbished (used), Year of construction: 2015, functionality: fully functional, We have a Buhrs - W+D BB700 16K S2 year 2015 servo envelope inserting system available. 12 station base system!!!!! The condition of this machine is very good and the machine has always received its mandetory maintenance. The machine is prepared for a Mueller and/or KERN transactional channel for feeder/collating/folding A4 documents. The Mueller and/or KERN system channel can be offered in or excluded at the machine. We can even offer the Mueller channel as a continues system with a Mueller unwinder, paper cutter, merger and folding station. Other feeders and camera's optional possible! Year of built: 2015 Configuration: - 12 station base - 11x RF2 rotary feeder (other feeders possible) - Divert bin 1, 2 - Conveyor Prepared for a Mueller and/or KERN transactional channel for feeder/collating/folding A4 documents. Psdpfsxyfmgsx Amrjgr Envelope formats: - min. 105 × 162 mm C6/DL - max. 250 × 353 mm B4 Product formats: - min. 80 × 105 mm A6 - max. 229 × 324 mm C4 Product thickness: - 3 mm for rotary feeder - 10 mm for shuttle feeder - 15 mm for vacuum/friction feeder - 70 gsm 16,000 cycles per hour

Condition: excellent (used), Catalogue number 7979 TECHNICAL DATA - Max. diameter of processed dowels: 130mm - Installed bushing: 57mm - Min. input material length: 800mm - Knife head drive motor: 18.5kW - 4 feed speeds + forward/reverse - Feed motor: 2.2kW In order: - Infeed traction rolls, toothed: 6 pcs - 3-knife head Pjdpfezwwwlex Amrogr - Outfeed traction rolls, smooth: 6 pcs - Extraction port diameter: 140mm - Additional bushings included: 40, 45, 50, 75mm - Dimensions (L/W/H): 3100x1300x1400mm - Weight: 2100kg ADVANTAGES – Polish manufacture – 3-knife head – Additional bushings included: 40, 45, 50, 75mm – Used dowel rounding machine, very good condition Net price: 31,900 PLN Net price: 7,590 EUR (based on exchange rate of 4.2 PLN/EUR) (Prices may change with higher fluctuations)

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2008, Technical data: - Manufacturer: Bütfering - Type: Optimat SGO 211/RC - Number of grinding units: 2 - Year of manufacture: 2008 - Working width: 1.100 mm - Grinding belt width: 1.120 mm - Grinding belt length: 1.900 mm - Workpiece thickness: 3-160 mm - Feed speed: 2,5-13 m/min. - Table height adjustment Standard equipment: - Automatic workpiece thickness adjustment - Stepless feed speed via requency converter. - 125 grinding programs can be stored - Wear-free braking system 1. Grinding unit (R) - Calibration roller - Profiled steel contact roller - Diameter 160 mm - Drive motor: 15 kW 2nd grinding unit (C) - Combination unit with roller and grinding shoe - Rubberized contact roller 65 Shore - Contact roller diameter 160 mm - Electronic link pressure bar with segment width 35 mm. - Belt speed: 12 and 21 m/s - Tolerance compensation up to 1 mm Pgodpfx Asyh Hwuomrer - Suitable for veneered surfaces and solid wood. - Drive motor: 11 kW - Total connected load: approx. 28 kW - Operating voltage: 400 V / 50 Hz. - Compressed air consumption at 6 bar, 20 L/min. - Belt blow-off device per pressure surge 440 L/min. - Extraction volume: approx. 2,880 m3/h/ at 20 m/s - Extraction connection: Dedusting: 1 x Ø 160 mm (grinding unit, roller) 1 x Ø 160 mm (grinding unit, shoe) Dimensions: - Length: 1,700 mm - Width: 1,850 mm - Height: 2,100 mm - Location: not in stock

Condition: repair required (used), For sale is a robust BLOHM SIMPLEX surface grinding machine in a heavy-duty industrial design. Technical data / equipment: * Manufacturer: BLOHM * Type: SIMPLEX * Travel in X-axis: approx. 600 mm * Travel in Y-axis: approx. 300 mm * Magnetic chuck * Coolant system * Automatic table feed Podpezwv A Tefx Amregr * Manual feed * Heavy-duty and robust machine construction Known defect: The automatic feed is currently not functioning. However, the feed can be performed manually. Apart from this, the machine is in technically sound and operational condition. The machine is particularly suitable for surface grinding, repair work, individual parts, and general tool, mold, and machine construction. Used, condition commensurate with age. Inspection and demonstration possible by appointment. The stated selling price is the net price plus the statutory value-added tax. Sale is made commercially with an invoice.

Condition: used, functionality: fully functional, For sale is a Deckel Maho MH 600 CNC milling machine with a Philips/Grundig CNC 532 control system. The machine comes from our own machinery stock and can be inspected on-site by appointment. This is a robust CNC milling machine from Deckel Maho with an enclosed work area and a large T-slot clamping table. Technical data / features: * Manufacturer: Deckel Maho * Model: MH 600 * CNC milling machine / machining center * Control system: Philips/Grundig CNC 532 * 3 CNC axes * Travel range X: approx. 600 mm Podpfezwv Aaex Amrogr * Travel range Y: approx. 450 mm * Travel range Z: approx. 450 mm * Tool holder: SK40 * Coolant system * Enclosed work area * T-slot clamping table Important regarding the features: * No automatic tool changer * No chip conveyor * Tool changes are performed manually The Hilma machine vises shown in the photos are not included in the price. The machine is particularly suitable for single-part production, toolmaking, repair work, as well as small and medium-sized series. An inspection and demonstration can be arranged by appointment. Additional photos and information are available upon request. The stated selling price is NET, plus 20% VAT. VAT can be shown separately. Subject to prior sale and errors.

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2003, operating hours: 8,000 h, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 163341, Country of manufacture: UK Voltage: 400V 3-phase AC 50/60Hz, max 58A Dimensions: 200x260x250 cm Net machine weight: 5010 kg TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS Capacities Table dimensions: length 900 mm / depth 410 mm X-axis: 560 mm Y-axis: 410 mm Z-axis: 510 mm Distance from spindle nose to table surface: min. 150 mm, max. 660 mm Distance from spindle center to column: 540 mm Maximum table load: 500 kg Spindle Speed: 40 – 12,000 rpm Podpfx Amsw T Tp Rersgr Power (5 min): 18.5 kW Power (10 min): 15 kW Power (30 min): 10 kW Continuous power: 7.5 kW Feed Rapid traverse: 36,000 mm/min Cutting feed rate: 1 to 8,000 mm/min Table Dimensions: 900x410 mm T-slot size (ISO R299): 18 mm / Number: 3 / Spacing: 125 mm Permissible load: 500 kg Distance from floor to table surface: 780 mm ATC Tool Magazine Number of tools: 30 pcs Tool selection: free choice of station number; automatic bi-directional search Tool holder: MAS BT-40 Max. tool diameter in magazine: Ø 80 mm (without adjacent tool: Ø 125 mm) Max. tool weight: 8 kg Max. magazine load: 120 kg Max. tool length: 350 mm Tool change time: 2.9 s (chip-to-chip) Lubricant tank: 1.8 L Feed lubricant tank: 260 cm³ Spindle coolant tank: 16 L Hydraulic pressure tank: 460 cm³ Coolant tank: 200 L Compressed air: 0.5 to 0.9 bar Capacity: 200 L/min Subject to errors or omissions, all technical specifications are provided without guarantee.

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2002, operating hours: 5,152 h, functionality: fully functional, Komptech MAXX screening machine from 2002, in perfect condition. Podpozwv N Hsfx Amregr

Year of construction: 2000, operating hours: 2,000 h, condition: used, functionality: fully functional, Anutec vibrating screen machine Quick-release clamps Pgedezwwgyspfx Amror Polished interior 1 unbalanced motor drive Including control cabinet Easy screen deck replacement Screen deck covering according to choice

Condition: good (used), Zwick Type: BT2-FZ0.5TS.D16 500 N + Xforce P 500N Material testing machine Testing force in tension/compression: 500 N Overall height, without head crossbeam: 789 mm Overall width: 411 mm Overall depth: 622 mm Installation area: net footprint: 0.008 m² load frame base area: 0.196 m² specific floor load: based on typical installations: 0.85 kg/cm² with 50% safety margin: 1.28 kg/cm² Ceiling load: based on typical installations: 97 kN/cm² with 50% safety margin: 146 kN/cm² Working space depth: 105 mm Working space height with extension arm installed pointing upwards: minimum height: 235 mm maximum height: 565 mm Working space height with extension arm installed pointing downwards: Pgjdpfx Ameziixlsror minimum height: 90 mm maximum height: 420 mm Software: testXpert III Version 1.9 Weight: approx. 78 kg with accessories Condition: used Scope of delivery: (See image) (Changes and errors in the technical data are subject to change!) We would be happy to answer any further questions you may have by phone.

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2018, functionality: fully functional, center width: 1,200 mm, overall weight: 7,000 kg, travel distance X-axis: 500 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 800 mm, controller model: Bosch Rexroth MTX, TECHNICAL DETAILS Center distance: 1,200 mm Max. outer diameter: 350 mm Max. workpiece weight between centers: 50 kg Cross slide, X-axis Travel, X-axis: 500 mm Max. speed: 30 m/min Resolution: 0.1 µm Longitudinal slide, Z-axis Travel, Z-axis: 800 mm Max. speed: 30 m/min Resolution: 0.0005–0.1 mm Multi-function head, B-axis Swivel range: -45° to +225° Swivel time for 180°: < 3 s Positional accuracy: 0.0002° Repeatability: 1″ Resolution: 0.001° External machining Max. machining length: 750 mm Peripheral speed: 50 corundum / 80 CBN Drive power: 15 kW Max. grinding wheel dimensions: Ø 400 × 50 × 152.4 mm Internal machining Max. bore diameter: 250 mm Pgsdpozwm Aksfx Amror Max. bore depth: 235 mm Drive power S1: 1.8–7.5 kW Speed range: 30,000–50,000 rpm Workpiece spindle, C-axis Max. speed: 1,500 rpm Drive power: 1.8 kW Drive torque: 90 Nm Resolution of measuring system: 0.001° Roundness accuracy: 0.8 µm Positional accuracy: 0.0001° Tailstock Quill stroke: 50 mm / 80 mm Quill diameter: 60 mm Bearing: hydrostatic Fine adjustment for cylindricity corrections: ± 40 µm 3-point steady rest Clamping range, diameter: 20 – 150 mm Coarse adjustment: 40 µm Fine adjustment: 2 µm Adjustability: stepless MACHINE DETAILS CNC control: Bosch Rexroth MTX Dimensions & Weight Dimensions (L x W x H): 2,850 x 2,470 x 2,290 mm Weight: 7,000 kg EQUIPMENT 3-point steady rest

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2009, functionality: fully functional, type of input current: AC, total width: 1,350 mm, total length: 1,200 mm, total height: 1,300 mm, spindle speed (max.): 3,900 rpm, overall weight: 530 kg, input voltage: 400 V, milling spindle length: 200 mm, rotational speed (min.): 3,900 rpm, rotational speed (max.): 3,900 rpm, working width: 200 mm, spindle diameter: 50 mm, We are offering this used Omec F10/200 fork cutter, manufactured in 2009. Manufacturer: Omec Model: F10/200 Year of manufacture: 2009 Condition: used Pgjdpszmug Nefx Amrjr Machine type: Fork cutter, finger fork, drawer fork Fully functional OMEC F10/200 milling machine for the production of finger forks for drawer blade manufacturing. Manufactured in 2009, motor power 11.5 kW, spindle diameter 50 mm and weight approximately 530 kg. Without fork cutter set. The machine is in good condition and can be inspected and demonstrated by appointment. Loading and transport can be arranged.

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2010, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 21A10, total length: 3,120 mm, total width: 700 mm, total height: 1,930 mm, overall weight: 600 kg, input voltage: 380 V, type of input current: three-phase, power: 5.5 kW (7.48 HP), Flowpack packaging machine for packaging with PPL reels, equipped with a die for euroslot hole on the sealing and cutting unit. Pjdsxmkpgspfx Amrjgr

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2022, functionality: fully functional, The price is for all together. Ideal for a new start on Screen Printing Art studio Artists The set contains: 1.SCREEN PRINTING CAROUSELL type X 4 TABLES, FULL AJUSTABLE 2. DRYIER: 3FACE POWER 3.FLASH AUTO: 3FACE POWER 4. 2 SET OF RACK DRYIERS ALL ARE NEW , OUT OF THEIR BOXES. Pedpfx Amexwnw Asrjgr

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2002, For sale: Junget / Biesse Rover 24 L CNC milling machine / machining center. The machine is designed for professional processing of furniture panels, wooden components, plastics, and production components. It is suitable for carpentry workshops, companies producing furniture, kitchen elements, fronts, structural panels, PEHD components, and other parts requiring precise milling and drilling. The Biesse Rover 24 L is a robust CNC machining center equipped with a vacuum table, automatic tool changer, and a set of drilling spindles. The machine enables quick and repeatable performance of milling, vertical and horizontal drilling, and grooving operations. Technical specifications: Model: Junget / Biesse Rover 24 L Type: CNC milling machine / CNC machining center Machine dimensions: approx. 5.8 × 2.45 × 2.5 m Work table: vacuum X-axis travel: 4500 mm Y-axis travel: 1300 mm Z-axis travel: 180 mm Vacuum pump: 120 m³/h Control system: NC1000 Operating system: Windows XP Automatic tool changer: yes Vertical drilling spindles: 7 pcs Horizontal drilling spindles: 8 pcs Circular saw: for making grooves / slots, e.g., in fronts or furniture components Safety features: safety grid / safety mat Tools installed in the machine: included Applications: The machine is particularly well-suited for the production of furniture, kitchen cabinets, fronts, carcasses, base panels, and components requiring serial drilling and milling. The drill array allows for the simultaneous execution of several holes, which speeds up production and ensures dimensional repeatability. The machine was mainly used for processing PEHD1000 plastic, which confirms its versatility and the ability to work not only with wood-based materials but also with engineering plastics. Technical condition: The machine has been used. According to information from the previous owner, the device is functional, starts up, and has no known defects or reservations. The equipment is sold as used and is subject to verification by the buyer upon collection. Key advantages: * robust industrial construction, Pjdpfx Aezf E E Hemrogr * large working area, * vacuum table, * automatic tool changer, * vertical and horizontal drilling spindles, * circular saw for grooves and slots, * ability to process panels, wood, and plastics, * good machine for the production of furniture and serial components. The machine is suitable for continued operation in a production plant, carpentry workshop, or company engaged in CNC machining.

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2009, operating hours: 8,000 h, functionality: fully functional, travel distance X-axis: 730 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 560 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 560 mm, controller manufacturer: Heidenhain, controller model: iTNC 530, rotational speed (max.): 12,000 rpm, spindle motor power: 12,000 W, number of slots in tool magazine: 60, Equipment: chip conveyor, documentation/manual, Available: End of October/Beginning of November Manufacturer: DECKEL MAHO (DMG MORI) Model: DMU 60 monoBLOCK Year of manufacture: 2009 Operating hours: approx. 30,000 h Spindle hours only: approx. 8,000 h Control system: HEIDENHAIN iTNC 530 Axes: 5-axis simultaneous machining Pgsdpfx Amszwx Aisrsr Technical data & spindle: Travels: X = 730 mm | Y = 560 mm | Z = 560 mm 4th axis (B-axis – swivel head): +30° to -120° (NC swivel milling head with hydraulic clamping) 5th axis (C-axis – rotary table): 360° (endlessly rotatable NC rotary table, resolution 0.001°) Main spindle: max. 12,000 rpm (high-torque version) Tool interface: SK 40 Tool changer: 60-position chain magazine (large expansion stage) Equipment & accessories: Cooling: Internal coolant supply (IKZ) including paper band filter system Chip conveyor Measuring probe available - DMG TS 649 Documentation and key available Videos available

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2016, operating hours: 16,000 h, functionality: fully functional, nominal power (apparent): 11 kVA, controller manufacturer: haas, spindle speed (min.): 10 rpm, spindle speed (max.): 10,000 rpm, spindle motor power: 11 W, number of spindles: 1, number of slots in tool magazine: 21, Equipment: chip conveyor, Here is the complete reference sheet combining the Haas DT-1 machine specifications, probing package, and 5-axis setup in metric units. 2016. Located in Israel Transport cost to Erope 8000 Euro under power Machine Travels & Work Envelope X-Axis Travel: 508 mm Y-Axis Travel: 406 mm Z-Axis Travel: 394 mm Spindle Nose to Table Top: 152 mm – 546 mm Worktable Table Size (L x W): 660 mm x 381 mm Max Weight on Table: 113.4 kg T-Slot Width: 15.9 mm – 16.0 mm T-Slot Center Distance: 125 mm (3 standard slots) Spindle Specs Spindle Taper: BT30 Max Speed: 10,000 RPM ATC 20+1 5-Axis Setup (TRT100 Dual-Axis Rotary Table) Rotary Unit: TRT100 dual-axis tilting trunnion (mounted on the table). Platter Diameter: 100 mm Max Part Swing: 213 mm Weight Capacity on Platter: 6.8 kg (3+2 positioning) / 2.3 kg (simultaneous 5-axis) Travel: A-axis (Tilt) ±120°, C-axis (Rotation) 360° continuous Indexing Speeds: 1,000 deg/sec on both axes Control Requirements: 4th & 5th-axis drive options installed on the machine control. Key Software Features: Supports 3+2 indexing and continuous 5-axis simultaneous machining. DWO/TCPC (Dynamic Work Offsets / Tool Center Point Control): Manages work offsets automatically as part angles tilt/rotate, eliminating the need to re-post programs when mounting locations change. Psdszwxz Eopfx Amrsgr Working Clearance: The TRT100 unit consumes ~230 mm of vertical space, leaving a tight Z-axis machining clearance window (~160 mm) inside the machine's 394 mm total Z-travel. Probing & Tool Measurement (WIPS-R / Renishaw) Hardware Package: Workpiece Spindle Probe: Renishaw OMP40-2 (BT30 optical touch probe) Tool Setter Probe: Renishaw OTS (Table-mounted optical tool setter) Receiver: Renishaw OMI-2T (Modulated optical transmission) Tool Setter Functions: Automatic tool length offset setting, rotating tool diameter offset calibration, and in-cycle tool breakage detection. Workpiece Probe Functions: Work Coordinate System (G54–G59) setting, feature inspection (bores/bosses/surfaces), and part alignment skew angle calculation.