Used Mikron 3-Axes Vertical Milling Machine for sale (103,141)

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2025, Ref. -No.: 10457 Manufacturer: IGREK Type: VMC 1160 Year of construction: 2025 Type of control: CNC-Steuerung Control: SIEMENS SINUMERIK 828D Storage location: Istanbul Country of origin: Türkiye X-Travel: 1160 mm Y-Travel: 610 mm Ljdpfjxmd Snox Ab Aohn Z-Travel: 600 mm Main spindle drive power: 9 kW Spindle Taper: HSK Tool Piece Magazine With: 24 Pcs./pcs. Spindle Speed: 10000 RPM Rapid Traverse X-Axis: 40 m / min Rapid Travel Y-Axis: 40 m / min Rapid Traverse Z-Axis: 40 m / min Machine length: 3500 mm Machine width: 2900 mm Machine Height: 2500 mm Weight Of The Machine Ca.: 8 t Further information: This is a new storage machine with 0 operating and spindle hours. The machine is available immediately and can be ordered with Siemens or Heidenhain controls. Optional installation and servicing of the machines can be offered.

Condition: used, As-new CNC Vertical Machining Center, Milling Machine VMC, BAZ, HSC Milling, Machining Center TAIKAN B540Z Serial No. 1171009 Year of manufacture: 2017 CNC path control: SIEMENS Sinumerik 828 D Basic Travel range for working area X: 488 mm, Y: 400 mm, Z: 230 mm X-axis travel for tool change position X: 540 mm Table size 520 x 400 mm Spindle taper ISO 25 Distance spindle nose - table 165 - 395 mm Max. spindle speed 36,000 rpm, infinitely variable Feed rate 0 to 10,000 mm/min Rapid traverse 15 m/min Table load capacity 200 kg Max. tool length 120 mm Max. tool diameter 80 mm Max. tool weight 0.8 kg Tool change time approx. 10 sec. Axis drives 0.8 kW each Spindle drive 3.5 kW at 100% duty cycle Electrical connection 400 Volt, 50 Hz, 7.5 kW CNC path control SIEMENS Sinumerik 828 D Basic - Software: NCU V04.05+SP06+HF01 - Interfaces: LAN, USB and CF-Card - Measuring system for tool setting: METROL tool sensor - Vertical milling spindle = high-frequency spindle with liquid cooling and external recooling unit - Tool changer with 13 tool stations - Electronic handwheel Lhedpfow Ed U Nox Ab Ajn - Coolant system - Protective enclosure with sliding door - Central lubrication - incl. 10 tool holders ISO 25 with ER20 collet chuck and a set of collets Transport dimensions (L x W x H): 1800 x 1500 x 2300 mm Weight: 2,900 kg Excellent condition – as new Machine comes from a showroom with very few operating hours.

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2013, functionality: fully functional, travel distance X-axis: 600 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 450 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 500 mm, controller manufacturer: HEIDENHAIN, controller model: TNC 530 i, rotational speed (max.): 10,000 rpm, number of slots in tool magazine: 24, MIKRON VCE600PRO machining center with 3+2 axes (on table) X travel 600 Y 450 Z 540 mm, SK40 with 10,000 rpm and ATC 24 tools. Excellent condition. Lhodjqi Ufxepfx Ab Ajn

Condition: good (used), VEB Fritz Heckert FU 250x1000 milling machine Manufacturer: VEB Fritz Heckert Type: FU 250x1000 X-axis: 900 mm Y-axis: 300 mm Z-axis: 380 mm Speed: 28-2800/min Lhodpfx Aetryc Nsb Ajn Speed: 10-630 mm/min Dimensions: 1240 x 340 mm Speed: 6 kW, 35 A Load: 1.7 t Dimensions: 1580 x 1420 x 1470 mm

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2011, x-travel 750 mm Ljdo Aa A N Aopfx Ab Ajhn y-travel 600 mm z-travel 520 mm control DMG Ergoline weight of the machine ca. 9500 kg

Condition: used, BOEHRINGER / VDF NV 250 T is a CNC vertical turning machine designed for precision machining, high accuracy and reliability. Total axes 4; spindle hole 65 mm; travels Z 260 mm, X 760 mm, Y ±50 mm; rapid traverse X 120 m/min, Z 40 m/min; turret 12 positions VDI 40/DIN 69880. Spindle head A6; stepless up to 4500 t/min; spindle power 31 kW; voltage 50 Hz 3x 400 V; machine weight approx. 8500 kg. Equipment: 3-jaw chuck Ø250 mm with automatic centering, lamp, coolant system, oil mist extractor, automatic loading/unloading unit. Achieves tight tolerances; typical for automotive, aerospace, medical and machine tool sectors Ljdpfx Abo Adzhlo Ajhn

Condition: excellent (used), MIKRON WF 3 DP Universal Milling Machine TECHNICAL DATA Tilting Table Clamping surface: 450 x 800 mm Number of T-slots: 9 Lsdpolnfggofx Ab Aohn T-slot spacing: 45 mm Weight: 144 kg Machine dimensions: 1475 x 1770 x 2000 mm Weight: 1800 kg Connection power: 8.7 kW Milling Spindle Drive Spindle speed: 21 steps Speed range: 25 – 2500 /min Step jump: 1.258 Spindle motor power: 3.3 / 4.0 kW Tool holder: ISO 40 / M16 Arbor movement, vertical: 110 mm Feed Drive Feeds in all 3 axes: Infinitely adjustable Feed range: 1 – 2000 mm/min Rapid traverse in all feed directions: 3000 mm/min Torque at the motor Longitudinal + transverse: 4 Nm Vertical: 8 Nm Travel Longitudinal travel of the clamping table (X-axis): Automatic: 400 mm Transverse travel of the clamping table (Y-axis): Automatic: 400 mm Vertical travel of the clamping table (Z-axis): Automatic: 385 mm We cannot guarantee the accuracy, completeness and up-to-dateness of the information provided.

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2016, x-travel 1020 mm Lodpfo Aaq T Ajx Ab Aohn y-travel 700 mm z-travel 500 mm control Heidenhain iTNC530

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2014, x-travel 1060 mm y-travel 520 mm z-travel 610 mm control Siemens Lods Aaq T Nopfx Ab Aohn weight of the machine ca. 5900 kg

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2014, x-travel 1600 mm y-travel 820 mm z-travel 700 mm Lsdpfxs Aaq Tij Ab Ajhn control Heidenhain iTNC530 weight of the machine ca. 7500 kg

Condition: used, CNC universal tool milling machine DECKEL, type FP 4 ME - DEFECTIVE Machine No. 2205, Year of manufacture 1989 CNC path control: GRUNDIG Contur 3 - Control system does not boot up Travel ranges: X: 485 mm, Y: 385 mm, Z: 380 mm Table size: 800 x 460 mm Spindle mount: ISO 40 Spindle speed: 63 - 3150 rpm, 22 steps Lhedpfx Aoz Ebvrob Ajn Feed rate range: 2 - 3000 mm/min, stepless Quill movement: Horizontal and Vertical Main spindle drive: 3.7 / 4.4 kW - Hydraulic tool clamping - Swiveling control panel - Electronic handwheel - Fixed angular table - Coolant system in the machine base - Control cabinet located next to the machine, dimensions L x W x H: 800 x 750 x 1150 mm Space requirement L x W x H: 2000 x 2000 x 2000 mm Weight approx.: 2400 kg Good condition - control system does not boot up.

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1998, x-travel 0500 mm y-travel 400 mm z-travel 400 mm table surface area 700 x 500 mm tool taper 40 SK/ISO Lhedpfx Abszhxi De Aon spindle turning speed range 20- 4500 U/min feeds 5000 mm/min spindle motor 12 kW total power requirement 13 kW weight of the machine ca. 2,8 t dimensions of the machine ca. 3 x 2 x 2 m Table could be rotated and swiveled manually with digital readout in C- and B- axe over control panel. Control: Heidenhain TNC 124.

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1988, No minimum price – guaranteed sale to the highest bidder! TECHNICAL DETAILS Travel distances X-axis travel: 600 mm Y-axis travel: 450 mm Z-axis travel: 450 mm Quill travel: 80 mm Work table Table size: 1,000 × 400 mm Spindle Spindle speed: 20–3,000 rpm Spindle mount: SK 40 Feed rate and rapid traverse Automatically programmable feed rate: 1–4,000 mm/min Rapid traverse: 6 m/min Control system CNC control: Philips 432 Performance data Lhedpoz S Iz Nefx Ab Asn Drive power: 12 kW Total power consumption: 15 kW EQUIPMENT Rotatable V-head Coolant pump Hydraulic tool clamping Automatic central lubrication Machine light Chip collection tray Splash guard enclosure

Condition: used, CNC 3+2 axis vertical machining center DECKEL MAHO type DMU 35 M CNC control SIEMENS 810D with ShopMill Manufacturer no. 11065353554 Year of manufacture 2001 Travel paths: X: 350 mm, Y: 240 mm, Z: 340 mm Table movements: C-axis: 360° Swivel range: +105° / -15° Universal swivel - rotary table: 400 x 290 mm, center hole 30H6 Table load: max. 100 kg Distance spindle nose - table: min. 145 mm to max. 485 mm Feed rate: 5,000 mm/min Rapid traverse (X / Y / Z): 5 m/min Input resolution: 0.01 mm Total power requirement: 15 kVA Speed range - main spindle: 20 - 6,300 min/-1 Drive power - main spindle: 6.3 / 10 kW (100% / 40% ED) Torque: max. 55 / 80 Nm Lhedpsvt D D Uofx Ab Aon Tool holder: SK 40 DIN 69871 Pull bolt: DIN 69872 or ISO 7388/2 Type B Interface: Serial RS232C, LAN (RJ45) Power connection: 400 volts, 50 Hz, 15 kVA Compressed air connection: 6 bar - CNC control Siemens Sinumerik 810D with ShopMill V05.03.22, NCU 03.03.34-CCU1E, MMC103 - 3-axis controlled (X, Y and Z axis) - Manual swivel rotary table, C axis = table rotation 360°, B-axis = swivel range +105°/ -15° - direct path measuring system for all 5 axes - electronic handwheel - spindle drive via servo motor with toothed belt and 2 gear stages - fully protected cabin with sliding door - swiveling control panel - coolant nozzles on the vertical head - chip tray with coolant container and cooling lubricant pump - work area lighting - documentation available space requirement L x W x H 2000 x 2000 x 2100 mm weight 1750 kg good condition

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1980, No minimum price – guaranteed sale to the highest bidder! Loading: December 1st to December 10th. TECHNICAL DETAILS Travel ranges X-axis: 500 mm Y-axis: 500 mm Z-axis: 400 mm Spindle and tool holder Lhedpfxj Aa Aybo Ab Ajn Speed range: 30–2,240 rpm Tool holder: SK 40 Feed rate and rapid traverse Feed rate range: 1–750 mm/min Rapid traverse: 1,500 mm/min Work table Table clamping surface: 400 × 800 mm Control system Control system: Heidenhain TNC 131 Performance data Total power consumption: 7.8 kW Machine weight: approx. 1.8 t Dimensions Space requirement: approx. 2.1 × 1.6 × 2.2 m Axes and clamping Feed drives: separate drives for each feed spindle Axis clamping: automatic hydraulic Release: working axis automatically released Manual operation: all axes can be released EQUIPMENT Swiveling device for vertical head Coolant system Separate drives for each feed spindle Automatic hydraulic clamping of all axes Heidenhain TNC 131 control system

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1986, machine/vehicle number: 2204-0929, No minimum price – guaranteed sale to the highest bidder! Loading: December 1st to December 10th. TECHNICAL DETAILS General Information Machine type: CNC-controlled tool milling machine Condition: good Machine weight: approx. 2.8 t Travel distances X-axis travel: 560 mm Y-axis travel: 500 mm Z-axis travel: 450 / 390 mm Arbor stroke: 80 mm Work table Table clamping surface: 800 × 460 mm Spindle and milling head Spindle speed: 40–4,000 rpm Spindle connection: ST 40 Swiveling spindle head: ±90° Vertical head: rotatable ±90° Horizontal spindle: available Feed rate Feed rate: 2–3,600 mm/min Feed axes: 3 axes Control system Control system: Contour 2 Performance data Total power consumption: 4.0 kW Dimensions Space requirement: approx. 2.0 × 2.5 × 2.2 m EQUIPMENT Hydraulic tool clamping Mobile control panel Machine lighting Automatic central lubrication Coolant system Lhodpfx Abo Aa Aurj Aon Safety emergency stop Chip tray Separate control cabinet

Condition: used, Technical details: x-travel: 880 mm y-travel: 300 mm z-travel: 900 mm w-axis: 60 mm spindle head swivable left - right: 60 ° table surface area: 880 x 300 mm machine weight approx.: 1200 kg dimension machine xH: 1,3 x 1,4 x 1,9 m incl. accessories Lhsdpfju Ndfhjx Ab Asn *

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2002, machine/vehicle number: 6243, travel distance X-axis: 5,000 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 2,100 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 1,500 mm, Equipment: documentation/manual, Base machine / travel ranges: X-axis machine stand 5,000 mm, Y-axis spindle head slide 2,100 mm, Z-axis spindle head 1,500 mm. Machine stand: Compact, torsion-resistant welded construction with hardened flat guide rails and telescopic steel covers to protect against chips and coolant. Spindle head slide: Cast iron design with hydraulic weight compensation, guided by combined roller/plain bearing guides. Machine bed: Flat bed design with approximately 1,200 mm guide rail width and roller compact guides for high precision. Automatic universal milling head: CNC-swiveling milling head arbor 340 x 1°, Hirth gearing approximately 125 kN; milling head 180 x 1°, approximately 100 kN; milling spindle with hydromechanical tool quick-change system, clamping force approximately 25 kN; tool holder SK 50, DIN 69871. Main drive: 37 kW at 100% ED, 53 kW at 40% ED; externally ventilated AC motor, 2-stage gearbox with automatic changeover; speed 22–4,000 1/min. Feed drives: Digital AC individual drives; X/Y: 2–12,000 mm/min, Z: 2–15,000 mm/min. Control system / measuring systems: Central operation via Heidenhain TNC 430 M. Direct, non-contact linear measuring systems. Optional: Heidenhain iTNC 530. Electrical system: EN 60204 / VBG 4, 400/230 V ±10%, 3 phases, 50 Hz, 24 V control voltage; connected load approximately 80 kVA. Control cabinet IP54, main motor IP55. Lubrication: Main gearbox / milling head drive oil circulation lubrication; main spindle grease long-life lubrication; guides / ball screws pulse central lubrication. Coolant: Internal / external coolant supply with paper band filter. Max. 50 l/min at 10 bar or 47 l/min at 16 bar; tank 500 l. Coolant / air changeover. Oil cooler for temperature stabilization and increased manufacturing accuracy. Leveling system: Electromechanical, via 2 vertical ball screws with separate drives, measuring systems, and CNC axes. Working platform: Moves in the X direction, with CNC control panel; electrically secured door with viewing window. Pick-up station: 10 tools; max. tool weight 25 kg, length 400 mm, Ø 125 mm, with free adjacent slots Ø 250 mm. Clamping plate: 3,500 x 3,000 mm; T-slots 22 H12 DIN 650, spacing 250 mm; clamping surface accuracy class 1 DIN 876. Lhjdpfx Aoz Dvyceb Aen CNC rotary table: Clamping surface 1,250 x 1,600 mm / Ø 1,800 mm; Hirth division 360 x 1°; 6 longitudinal slots 22 H12, 2 positioning slots 22 H7; T-slot spacing 160 mm; centering bushing Ø100 H7 x 20 mm; max. 5 1/min; tilting moment 85,000 Nm; tangential moment 120,000 Nm; table load max. 11,500 kg. Additional equipment: Oriented spindle holder 360 x 1°; hinged band chip conveyor for X=5,000 mm, feed width approximately 350 mm, discharge height approximately 1,250 mm; 3D touch probe; electronic handwheel HR 410 for 3 axes; pendulum machining for 2 work areas with monitored safety areas; manually adjustable splash guard. Collision monitoring: Brankamp CMS with piezoelectric strain gauge; if the process limit is exceeded, the axes are braked and the machine is switched off. Painting: Machine / control cabinet RAL 7035, milling head / spindle head RAL 5021; DD structured paint, semi-gloss, oil and alkali resistant. Power connection: 400 V, 3 phases, 50 Hz, 80 kVA, 160 A slow-blow; compressed air 4–6 bar, connection G 1/4. CE-relevant environmental protection to be provided on-site; adapter plates for chip / coolant return are not included. Coordinate information: Y 730.0124. Documentation: Operating manual SHW-UF6L and Heidenhain TNC

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2007, travel -x axis 800 mm travel -y axis 500 mm travel -z axis 610 mm control HEIDENHAIN - TNC 530 table load 600 kg number of spindle speeds 14.000 U/min numbers of positions in the tool changer 46 tool taper HSK-A63 Milling Machine - Vertical | FEHLMANN - PICOMAX 95 equipped with 46-way tool changer and chip conveyor. Equipment / Scope of Delivery: - swivel rotary table (4th + 5th axis) - touch probe: HEXAGON - tool measurement system: Blum - oil mist separator: Donaldson - high-pressure coolant system with coolant pump: Fehlmann - burn Engineering FD 2500-F11 cooling unit - Knoll 300 K-1 scraper belt conveyor The machine is in a well-maintained condition. Ledpfx Aj Aa A Rmjb Aehn Please refer to the offer for further technical details. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - #Tags: PICOMAX95 | PICOMAX-95

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2019, XYZ UMC-5X 5 Axis CNC Vertical Machining Centre Heidenhain iTNC 640 HSCI Control Model UMC-5X Control Heidenhain iTNC 640 HSCI X Axis Travel 600 mm Y Axis Travel 600 mm Z Axis Travel 500 mm A Axis Travel +120° / -120° C Axis Travel 360° Table Size 600 mm Diameter Maximum Table Load 600 kg Spindle Speed 24,000 rpm Direct Drive Spindle Taper BBT40 Rapid Traverse 36 m/min Feed Rate 1 - 36,000 mm/min Tool Changer 60 Station Automatic Maximum Tool Length 300 mm Through Spindle Coolant 70 Bar Machine Weight 9,500 kg Machine Fitted With: Heidenhain iTNC 640 HSCI CNC Control, 24,000 rpm Direct Drive High Speed Spindle (20kW S6 Rated), 60 Station Automatic Tool Changer, 70 Bar Through Spindle Coolant, Fixed Roof for High Pressure Coolant System, Renishaw RMP600 Strain Gauge Wireless Workpiece Probe, Laser Tool Setting System, Kinematic High Accuracy Machine Setup, Kinematic Reference Ball, Thermal Spindle Compensation, Linear Scales on X, Y & Z Axes, Direct Drive C Axis Rotary Table, Swarf Conveyor & Bin. Features: Simultaneous 5 Axis Machining Centre, Gantry Frame Construction, Direct Drive High Torque Rotary Table, High Precision Linear Roller Guideways, Dynamic Collision Monitoring, High Accuracy Machine with Linear Scales, Ideal for Aerospace, Medical, Precision Engineering & Complex Multi-Sided Components. For sale with Jet Machinery Ltd Jet Machinery Stock No: TBC Machine Serial Number: TBC Cost: £120,000.00 Lsdpfozi Awhex Ab Aohn Whilst every effort has been made to ensure that the above information is accurate it is not guaranteed. We advise prospective purchasers to inspect the machine prior to purchase. Whilst every effort has been made to ensure that the above information is accurate it is not guaranteed. We advise prospective purchasers to check any vital details. Health and Safety At Work Act 1974: It is not reasonably practical for ourselves as suppliers to ensure that for your application the goods comply with requirements of the Act with respect to guarding etc. Prospective purchasers should ensure that a guarding specialist inspect the goods prior to use.

Condition: ready for operation (used), functionality: fully functional, overall weight: 1,500 kg, total length: 3,000 mm, total width: 1,500 mm, total height: 2,300 mm, No minimum price – guaranteed sale to the highest bidder! Submitting a bid obligates you to collect the item on time between November 16, 2026, and November 26, 2026! MACHINE DETAILS Lodpjz Ilz Refx Ab Ajhn Dimensions & Weight Dimensions (L x W x H): 3,000 x 1,500 x 2,300 mm Machine weight: 1,500 kg External reference: Lebtig - Lot 83

Condition: ready for operation (used), Tool milling machine DECKEL FP 3 with Heidenhain digital display - Well-maintained, original condition - Travel ranges X/Y/Z 500x300x400 mm - Feeds / rapid traverses in all 3 axes Lsdpfjzcxtaex Ab Aehn - Tool holder ISO 40 - Speed range 40 - 2000 rpm - Vertical / horizontal milling capability - Swivel table - Coolant system - Central lubrication - Chip tray - Documentation Dimensions: L x W x H 1.7 x 1.2 x 1.8 meters / Weight 1350 kg Errors and omissions excepted.

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1988, Deckel FP4MA 2204 – CNC Machining Center - General overhaul in 2022 - Heidenain TNC320 CNC control - CNC or manual control possible - Movable vertical milling head with retractable spindle - Counter bearing for long milling arbors - Hydraulic tool clamping - Automatic gearbox - Automatic clamping in the X, Y, and Z axes - Automatic central lubrication - Coolant system - Direct path measurement - Collision protection coupling in the Y and Z axes - Year of manufacture: 1988 - Includes tool holders, drilling/milling tools, and tool cart Specifications Working area: - X-axis (longitudinal): 485 mm - Y-axis (transverse): 385 mm - Z-axis (vertical): 380 mm - Quill stroke (vertical): 80 mm Lsdpfx Aj Adr R Djb Aohn - Vertical milling head manually adjustable on spindle head: 150 mm Main drive: - Pole-changing three-phase brake motor: Gearbox with right/left rotation - Power: 3.7 / 4.4 kW - Spindle speed: 63 - 3150 rpm (18 steps) - Step jump: 1.25 - Tool holder: SK40 (M16) - Tool clamping: Disc spring pack - Tool release: hydraulic Feed drive: - X-axis: 1 DC motor - Y & Z axis: 1 DC motor - Ball screws: all axes - Feed rate: 2 - 3000 mm/min (programmable) - Rapid traverse X/Y/Z axis: 3000 mm/min Table carriage: - Number of T-slots: 4 - T-slot width: 14H7 mm - T-slot spacing: 63 mm - Permissible load: approx. 600 kg Installation: - Space requirement (with safety area): approx. 2300 x 2500 mm - Machine weight including vertical milling head and rotary table: approx. 1830 kg - Operating voltage: 400 V - Total connection value: 12.5 kVA - Floor load: 3000 kg/m²

Condition: used, Vertical milling machine CINCINNATI 2 MI Travel X: 700 mm Travel Y: 250 mm Travel Z: 330 mm Spindle: SA 50 Spindle speed: from 25 to 1500 RPM Table size: 1380 x 250 mm Slide spindle travel 100 mm Ljdez Nxywepfx Ab Ashn Motor 5 CV Feeds auto X - Y Manual head descent (auto not working) Voltage: 380 V Width: 1800 mm Depth: 1800 mm Total height: 2000 mm Weight: approx 2,5 T

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1998, Technical details: Lodpfou Ndbpox Ab Aehn x-travel: 760 mm y-travel: 550 mm z-travel: 300 mm control: Röders RMS 6 Vers. 2.70 spindle taper ISO: HSK E40 turning speed range: 42.000 stufenlos U/min spindle head swivable left - right: -52 ° / +5° (B-Achse) ° feed:: 0 - 30.000 mm/min Tool changer: 18-fach Werkzeuge + 2 places for Werkzeugvermessung Table dimensions: 860 x 550 mm table load capacity: 800 kp Number of working hours: siehe Foto h compressed air: 6,5 bar total power requirement: 20 kW weight approx.: 7000 kg dimension machine xH: 3,1 x 2,4 x 2,6 m dimension coolant device: ca. 0,6 x 0,8 x 0,7 m other features: Highspeed direct spindle digital axis drives AC servo motors ball screw spray cooling (microjet cooling jet and lubrication unit) working spindle Fischer MFW - 1230/42 up to 42.000 rpm tool measuring laser and probe system PS 25.00 Manual control unit Climatic cabinet Cooling water recooler Hyfra The machine can be demonstrated under power. *